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The protection of ecologically and environmentally sensitive lands often is dependent on local action in the United States. While fifteen states have centralized power at the statewide or regional level to address growth management, the remaining thirty-five states have opted for more decentralized approaches and continue to allow local governments to address growth issues . Even among those states that have adopted more centralized approaches to land management, the trends have been toward more decentralized, voluntary approaches In an era of decentralized land use management, it increasingly is important for land use planners and policy makers to understand which localities have the capacity to initiate and implement land protection activities. Articles and Papers about Open Space and Biodiversity Protection Steelman, Toddi A. and George Hess. 2009. “Effective Protection of Open Space: How Does Planning Matter?” Environmental Management, on-line first February 14. Miller, J. , M. Groom, G. Hess, Steelman, T.A D. Stokes, J. Thompson, B. King, R. Marquet and Troy Bowman. In Press. “Where is Biodiversity Conservation in Local Planning?” Conservation Biology. Johnson, Stuart, Matt Gunn, Tommy Rodengen, Murray Rutherford and Toddi Steelman. 2008. Planning for Biodiversity. Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University. Accessed at: http://www.rem.sfu.ca/planning/BEF.pdf, May. Cortese, L. S. Jamshidian, K. Marr, C. Morton, Murray Rutherford and Toddi Steelman. 2008. Planning for Biodiversity Conservation in Metro Vancouver’s Watersheds. Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University. Accessed at: http://www.rem.sfu.ca/planning/Biodiversity_Report.pdf, May. Hess, George, Toddi A. Steelman, Barbara Beechwood*, Sandra Cavalieri, Lisa Crooks*, Sean Doig*, Carla Norwood*, Deb Paxton*, Greg Schuster*, Mark Trinks*. 2006. Guided by Planning, Powered by People: Open Space Protection in the Triangle. Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University. August.
Implementing Innovation: Fostering Enduring Change in Environmental and Natural Resource Governance. forthcoming. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. Steelman, Toddi A. 2002. "Land Protection in Colorado: A Report on Great Outdoors Colorado". University of Colorado at Denver, Wirth Chair on Environmental and Community Development. White Paper. Steelman, Toddi A. 2000. "Innovation in Local Land Protection: The Case of Great Outdoors Colorado" American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 44, No. 4: 579-597. Steelman, Toddi A. 2001. "Land Use Protection, Common Property, and Great Outdoors Colorado." For presentation at Western Political Science Association Conference. March 15-17, Las Vegas, NV. Kaplan, Marshall, Toddi A. Steelman and Allan Wallis. 1999. Sprawl and Growth Management: Problems, Experience and Opportunity. University of Colorado at Denver, Wirth Chair on Environmental and Community Development. Steelman, Toddi A. 1998. "Land Use Protection in a Decentralized Regulatory Environment: Predicting and Enhancing Local Capacity." For presentation at the 20th Annual Research Conference of the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. New York, NY. October 29-31, 1998.
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