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I. RESEARCH TOPICS
Issues in Outdoor Receation
Planning and Management
Issues in Recreation on
Public Lands
Issues in Visitor Education
and Communication
Issues in Nature Tourism and
Ecotourism
Spatial Perspectives of
Outdoor Recreation: Recreation Geography
Ecological Perspectives of
Outdoor Recreation: Recreation Ecology
Socio-Psychological
Perspectives of Outdoor Recreation
II. RESOURCE LIST
I. RESEARCH TOPICS
Issues in Outdoor Recreation Planning and Management
General References
- Coble, T. L., D.H. Anderson,
D.W. Lime, T.E. Fish, J.L. Thompson, and J. Chen. 2008. Managing Visitor Use in Coastal and
Marine Protected Areas: Maintaining the Quality of Resource Conditions and
Visitor Experiences.
- Cordell, K. 1999. Outdoor
Recreation In American Life.
- Hultsman, J., R. L.
Cottrell, and W. Z. Hultsman. 1998. Planning Parks for
People (2nd Ed.).
- Sharpe, G. W., C. H.
Odegaard, and W. F. Sharpe. 1994. A Comprehensive Introduction to Park
Management. 2nd Ed.
On-line Resources
- Publications
- Outdoor Recreation in the United States: Results from the National Survey on Recreation and The Environment. (USFS)
- Assessing Recreation Demand. ( Bureau of Transportation Statistics, National Transportation Library)
- The information center of National Recreation and Park Association provides information on education/training opportunities and NRPA publications, including the following:
- Bibliography of Economic Impacts of Parks, Recreation, Tourism and Open Space
- Parks and Recreation Magazine
- NRPA & SPRE Leisure Research Symposium
- Archives/Databases
- Landscape
Architecture Theses Database. (maintained at
- Trail and
Bicycle Path Planning Documents. (
- Bibliographies on Trails and Greenways
- Miscellaneous
Issues in Recreation on Public Lands
General References
- Hendee, J. C. and C. Dawson. 2008. Wilderness Management (4th Ed).. Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing.
- Wellman, J. D. and D. B. Propst. 2004. Wildland Recreation Policy: An Introduction (2nd Ed.). Kriger Publishing.
- Sax, J. L. 1980. Mountains
Without Handrails: Reflections on the National Parks.
On-line Resources
- Publications/Archives
- Publications of Recreation Management Support Program, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
- Products from US National Park Service's Social Science Program
- Publications from Boulder Open Space and Mountain Parks (Colorado). (Some are directly related to visitor use management)
- Chavez, D. J. 1996. Mountain Biking: Issues and Actions for USDA Forest Service Managers (Research Paper PSW-RP-226, 1996)
- Cole, D. N. 1994. The Wilderness Threats
Matrix: A Framework for Assessing Impacts. Research Paper
INT-475.
- United States Code, Title 16: Conservation (archive of US Codes related to nature conservation and protected areas)
- Public Use Statistics Office (Archives of NPS recreational visitation data)
- Management Agencies, Policies and Issues
- Parks Canada:
- U.S. National Park Service:
- NPS Management Policies
- NPS Issues
- NPS Planning
- Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (VERP) Planning: Handbook (PDF format)
- U.S. Forest Service :
- Networks/Collective Directories
- Recreation Sourcebook (USFS service)
- Federal Parks and Recreation (newletter published by Resources Publishing Co.)
- Internet Resources for Park Professionals (maintained by the George Wright Society)
- Wilderness Information Network
- Countryside Recreation Network (
- Wilderness Links
Issues in Visitor Education and Communication
General References
- Knudson, D. M., T. T.
Cable, and L. Beck. 1995. Interpretation of
Cultural and Natural Resources.
- Hampton, B. and D.
Cole. 2003. Soft
Paths: How to Enjoy the Wilderness Without Harming It (3rd Ed.) .
- Manfredo, M. J., ed.
1992. Influencing Human Behavior: Theory and Applications in
Recreation, Tourism, and Natural Resources Management .
On-line Resources
- Organizations
- Izaak Walton League of America, Outdoor Ethics Program
- Environmental Education Program at the Bureau of Land Management
- Natural Resource Conservation Education Program Home Page (resources for schools and family programs; maintained by U.S. Forest Service)
- EE- Link: Environmental Education on the Internet
- Treadsoftly Program (U.K.)
- The National Leave No Trace Program publishes booklets and Master Network Newsletter on outdoor skills and ethics.
- Tread Lightly! USA Program for off-road vehicle users.
- Tread Lightly Australia (codes of conduct for various activities)
- Outward Bound USA
- Publications
- Williams, J., and C.
A. Monz. 1994. Fragile rivers:
current knowledge regarding minimum impact use and identification of
significant research gaps (Abstract). In: Proceedings from
the Third North American Interdisciplinary Wilderness Conference,
- Low-impact Recreational
Practices for Wilderness and Backcountry. General Technical
Report INT-265.
- Miscellaneous
- Web Portal for
Outdoor & Adventure Education Resources and Outdoor Education Research
& Evaluation Center (both by James Neill at
- Park Rangers on the Web
- Environmental Ethics Resources on WWW
- In addition to the Leave No Trace Program , code of ethics has been adopted in some outdoor societies to minimize resource and social impacts of their member's outdoor pursuits. Here are some examples:
- Minimal Impact Code
for Wilderness Use in South Australia (
- Protect Our Caves Brochure and Minimum Impact Caving Code by National Caving Association
- Soft Cycling by International Mountain Bicycling Association
Issues in Nature Tourism and Ecotourism
General References
- Eagles, P. and S.
McCool. 2003. Tourism in National Parks and Protected Areas: Planning
and Management.
- Wood, M. E. 2002. Ecotourism:
Principles, Practices & Policies for Sustainability.
- Weaver, D. 2000. The
Encyclopedia of Ecotourism.
- Honey, M. 1998. Ecotourism
and Sustainable Development.
On-line Resources
- Organizations
- Travelers' Conservation Foundation
- World Tourism Organization's Sustainable Tourism Programme
- Sustainable Travel International
- National Geographic, Sustainable Tourism Resource Center
- Sustainable Tourism Research INterest Group (STRING)
- Organization of American States, Inter-Sectoral Unit for Tourism
- UNEP Sustainable Tourism Programme
- Cooperative Research Centre (CRC)
for Sustainable Tourism (
- Task Force on Tourism and Protected Areas (IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas)
- The World Travel and Tourism Council and its Green Globe 21 Program.
- Ecotourism Association of Australia
- The International Ecotourism Society
- Tourism Concern (a UK-based organization concerning with tourism's impacts on communities and the environment )
- Alaska Wilderness Recreation and Tourism Association (Ecotourism industry info, ecotourism guidelines, and more)
- Hawaii Tourism Authority
- Publications/Archives
- CABI
Publishing -- Reading Room for Leisure and Tourism
- Best Practice Guidelines for Public Use Measurement and Reporting at Parks and Protected Areas (by the Task Force on Tourism and Protected Areas)
- Tourism White Paper (by South African Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism)
- Two
Way Track: Biodiversity Conservation and Ecotourism - An Investigation
of Linkages, Mutual Benefits and Future Opportunities
(Environment
- Small Islands and Tourism: Finding a Balance. United Nations Department of Public Information. March 1994
- Eco Travel in Latin America (by Eco Travels)
- El Planeta Platica (The Earth Speaks): An Environmental Newsletter. Here are some articles:
- Shores, John N. (1995) The Challenge of Ecotourism
- Exploring Ecotourism Project (with an Ecotourism Bibliography)
- Tourism and the Environment (worldwide tourism/ecotourism news and links, provided by Southern African Environment Page)
- Collective Directories/Mailing Lists
- International Tourism Research Links
- GREEN-TRAVEL Home Page
- Ecotourism Resource Centre
- Ecotourism Research and Other Adventures (maintained by David Schaller at U. Minn.)
- René Waksberg's Tourism Research Links
Spatial Perspectives of Outdoor Recreation: Recreation
Geography
Recreation geography as a subdiscipline of geography may be defined as the systematic study of recreation (including tourism and sport) patterns and processes on the landscape (Smith 1982). As recreation and tourism phenomena typically involve recreationists (tourists), recreation resources and recreational activities, recreation geographers seek to identify, explain, and predict the spatial patterns of these three components as well as their association and interaction in space. While recreation geography is not unique in its subject matter, it offers valuable spatial understanding and useful spatial insights that are often lacking in other studies utilizing an ecological, economic or socio-psychological perspective.
General References
- Hall, C. M. and S.
Page. 2002. The Geography of Tourism and Recreation: Environment,
Place and Space (2nd Ed.).
- Hall, C. M. and A. A. Lew. eds. 1998. Sustainable Tourism Development: A Geographical Perspective.London: Longman.
- Shaw, G. and A. M.
Williams. 1994. Critical Issues in Tourism: A Geographical Perspective.
On-line Resources
Ecological Perspectives of Recreation and Tourism:
Recreation Ecology
Recreation ecology may be defined as the systematic study of ecological relationships and interactions between humans and the environment in recreation/tourism contexts. It is particularly concerned with the assessment and monitoring of recreation-related resource impacts, and the role of management and maintenance in sustaining recreational use. The majority of research in this field has been conducted in natural and semi-natural areas. Some major topics include: (1) recreation impact assessment and monitoring techniques, (2) recreation impacts on undeveloped campsites and trails, (3) recreationist-wildlife conflicts, and (4) education and information for minimizing recreation impacts.
General References
- Buckley, R. (ed.)
2004. Environmental Impacts of Ecotourism.
- Newsome, D., S. A.
Moore, and R. K. Dowling 2002. Natural Area Tourism: Ecology, Impacts,
and Management .
- Hammitt, W. E. and D.
N. Cole. 1998. Wildland Recreation: Ecology and Management (Second
Edition).
- Liddle, M. J. 1997. Recreation
Ecology: The Ecological Impact of Outdoor Recreation and Ecotourism.
- See also Visitor Education and Communication
On-line Resources
- Organizations
- Recreation Ecology Research Network (a newly formed network to facilitate research communication among recreation ecologists)
- Rocky Mountain Field Institute (conducted numerous projects related to visitor impacts and site restoration)
- NOAA Coastal Services Center, Coastal Recreation and Tourism
- Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service: Walking Track Management Team
- Institute for Terrestrial Ecology, Environmental Impact
and Habitat Reinstatement (a major recreation ecology research
program in
- U.S. Golf Association: Green Section (USGA position on environmental issues of golf courses; also has information on turfgrass management)
- Publications
- Environmental Impact Reduction Checklist for Recreation and Tourism (An USEPA site)
- Leave No Trace and Research Programs of
- Monz, C. 1996. Monitoring recreation resource impacts in two coastal areas of western North America: a preliminary assessment.
- Monz, C. A., D. N.
Cole, L. A. Johnson, and D.R. Spildie. 1994. Vegetation
response to trampling in five native plant communities in the Wind River
Range, Wyoming, USA (Abstract). Bull. Ecological Society of
- Online Resources
- Recreation and Tourism Impacts: International Perspectives (Based on student projects in a North Carolina State Univ. graduate class)
- The
Development of a Sustainable Trail Pathway (An
- Mountain Bikes:Biophysical Impacts, Social Interactions, Sustainable Trail Management (by Alan W. Bjorkman)
- Impacts of Human Activities on Wildlife (a resource page provided by the US Fish & Wildlife Service)
- Recreational Activities and Developments: Wildlife Related Issues in Canada ; under the broader topic of Resource Development and Wildlife
- Bibliography on Trail Planning, Construction and Maintenance
Socio-Psychological Perspectives of Outdoor Recreation
Social and environmental psychologists have been concerned with leisure and recreation phenomena in the outdoors. This line of research may be classified into four major themes: (1) recreational participation and its constraints, (2) recreation choice and behavior, (3) social interaction and its processes among recreationists and social groups, and (4) the nature and quality of recreation experience and its beneficial consequences. Recreation social scientists seek to understand these and other themes by adapting theories, constructs and methods developed in social psychology, environmental psychology and sociology. Some popular constructs in outdoor recreation research include motivation, preferences, crowding, conflict and satisfaction.
General References
- Driver, B. L. (ed.).
2008. Managing to Optimize the
Beneficial Outcomes of Recreation.
- Jackson E. L. and T.
L. Burton, eds. 1999. Leisure Studies: Prospects for the Twenty-First
Century.
- Manning R. E. 1999. Studies
in Outdoor Recreation: A Review and Synthesis of the Social Science
Literature in Outdoor Recreation (2nd Ed.).
On-line Resources
- Publications
- Nickerson, R., D. H.
Anderson, M. A. Davenport, J.E. Leahy and T. V. Stein. 2005. A
Manager’s Guide to Gathering and Using Visitor and Community
Benefits Data to Manage Outdoor Recreation Areas.
- Moore, R. L. 1994. Conflicts
on Multiple-Use Trails: Synthesis of the Literature and State of the
Practice.
- NRPA & SPRE Leisure Research Symposium
- Bibliography of
Research on Leisure Constraints (Ed. Jackson at U.
- Free Reference Lists for leisure researchers (at U. Connecticut's Lab for Leisure, Tourism and Sport)
- Collective Directories
- NPS Social Science Program
- A National Human Dimensions Framework and Database for Conducting Social Assessments (access to human dimensions information useful in conducting social assessments; joint project by US Forest Service and U. Georgia)
- Leisure Information Network (Resource and career Centres, searchable indices, and more)
- Leisure Studies Web Page and Leisurenet
- Recreation and
Leisure Studies: Resources on the WWW (U.
- University of Waterloo Electronic Library: Recreation and Leisure Studies
II. RESOURCE LIST
This page is compiled and maintained by Yu-Fai Leung,
Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, North Carolina State
University
Outdoor Recreation Research Front
Page
NRRIPS Front Page
Comments and Suggestions
Last Updated: August 15, 2009
Copyright © 1995-2009 Yu-Fai Leung