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Past
Externally-Sponsored Research Projects
Title: Conceptual Design and
Economic Evaluation of the Fluidized Bed Copper Oxide Process
Investigators: H.
Christopher Frey, Principal Investigator (most of the work was performed while
H.C. Frey was on the research faculty at Carnegie Mellon. Final report completed at NCSU).
Granting
Agency:
Dates: 1992-1993
Brief Description: Developed a probabilistic performance, emissions, and cost model of the fluidized bed copper oxide process for controlling SO2 and NOx emissions from coal-fired power plants.
Title: Study
of Advanced Electric Power Generation and End-Use Technologies for Transfer to
Developing Countries
Investigators: H.
Christopher Frey, Principal Investigator and Project Director, Edward S. Rubin
and Paul Fischbeck, Carnegie Mellon; Robert Lempert and Gwen Farnsworth, RAND
Corporation; David Acheson, Atlantic Council of the United States (work
performed while H.C. Frey was on research faculty at Carnegie Mellon. Final report completed while at NCSU).
Granting
Agency:
Dates: 1992-1994
Brief
Description: Developed a framework for prioritizing Federal research,
development and demonstration priorities for electric energy production and
end-use technologies.
Title: Development
and Application of Optimal Design Capability for Coal Gasification Systems
Investigators: H.
Christopher Frey, Principal Investigator
Granting
Agency:
Dates: 1994-1995
Brief Description: Developed
probabilistic process simulation models of the Externally Fired Combined Cycle
(EFCC), Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), and Direct Sulfur Recovery Process
(DSRP).
Title: Probabilistic
Evaluation of Technological, Environmental, and Economic Factors in
Investigators: H.
Christopher Frey, Principal Investigator; Co-investigators include S. Ranji
Ranjithan and E. Downey Brill, Jr.
Granting
Agency: Center for Transportation and the Environment
Dates: 1994-1997
Brief
Description: Developed probabilistic estimates of vehicle emissions.
Title: A
Plan for Development of Advanced Transportation Systems in the Research
Triangle Region
Investigators: Nagui
M. Rouphail, Principal Investigator.
Co-investigators include: J.R.
Stone, J.E. Hummer, J.W. Baugh, and H.C. Frey
Granting
Agency: North Carolina Department of Transportation
Dates: 1994-1995
Brief
Description: Supported an air quality component regarding evaluation of the
effects of traffic management strategies for the Research Triangle area.
Title: Engineering-Economic
Modeling of Process Technologies
Investigators: H.
Christopher Frey, task director [this project was a special task incorporated
into a project managed by S. Ranji Ranjithan and E. Downey Brill, Jr.]
Granting
Agency: MCNC
Dates: 1994-1995
Brief
Description: Developed new performance and cost models of combustion-based
NOx controls for coal-fired power plants.
Title: Remote
Sensing of
Investigators: H.
Christopher Frey, Principal Investigator
Granting
Agency: North Carolina Department of Transportation
Dates: 1995-1996
Brief
Description: Used remote sensing technology to obtain on-road emissions
data for school and transit buses these vehicles.
Title: Quantitative
Analysis of Variability and Uncertainty in Acid Rain Assessments
Investigators: H.
Christopher Frey, Principal Investigator
Granting
Agency:
Dates: 1995-1997
Brief
Description: Demonstrated approaches for dealing with variability
and uncertainty in environmental and technology assessment models; developed
performance, emissions, and cost models of power plant NOx controls.
Title: ITS
Integration of Real Time Emissions Data and Traffic Management Systems
Investigators: Nagui
M. Rouphail, Principal Investigator; H. Christopher Frey, Co-Principal
Investigator.
Granting
Agency: Transportation Research Board (via National Institute for
Statistical Sciences), Center for Transportation and the Environment, and
Dates: 1997-1999
Brief
Description: On-road emissions measured using remote sensing and traffic
data measured using a video-based area-wide detector were used to develop
conceptual traffic-based models of emissions.
Title: Air
Quality Modeling Uncertainty Analysis
Investigators: H.
Christopher Frey, Principal Investigator
Granting
Agency: Hanna Consultants
Dates: 1997-1999
Brief
Description: Conducted an expert elicitation for the purpose of
quantifying uncertainties in inputs to the UAM-V air quality model.
Title: NSF
CAREER Award: New Methods for Systems Analysis of Environmental Technologies
Investigators: H.
Christopher Frey, Principal Investigator
Granting
Agency: National Science Foundation
Dates: June
1997- May 2003
Brief
Description: Developed process engineering models for performance,
emissions, and cost of advanced coal-based power generation systems in
combination with development and application for simulation and optimization
methods that account for variability and uncertainty. The educational component included the
development of modular instructional materials in air pollution control, air
quality engineering, systems engineering, and related topics.
Title: Analysis
of Variability and Uncertainty in Emission Estimation
Investigators: H.
Christopher Frey, Principal Investigator
Granting
Agency:
Dates: 1998-2001
Brief
Description: A methodology for quantification of variability and
uncertainty was developed and applied to estimation of emissions from selected
sources.
Title: New
Methods for Assessment of Pollution Prevention Technologies
Investigators: H.
Christopher Frey and Morton A. Barlaz, Co-Principal Investigators
Granting
Agency: National Science Foundation and
Dates: October
1998- September 2003
Brief
Description: The objectives of this research are to: (1) develop novel assessment methodologies
for evaluation of the risks and potential pay-offs of new technologies that
avoid pollutant production; (2)
demonstrate the methodology via a detailed case study of one promising new
pollution prevention technology; and (3) utilize a tiered approach including
process simulation and design optimization, probabilistic analysis, life cycle
analysis, and assessment of selected regional environmental impacts to provide
insights regarding the risks and pay-offs of the pollution prevention approach,
both at a "micro" process-level and at a "macro" regional
environmental level. This project will
focus on pollution prevention in power generation, waste management, and
selected aspects of related industries using waste gasification as an example.
Title: Probabilistic
Modeling of Variability and Uncertainty in Urban Air Toxics Emissions
Investigators: H.
Christopher Frey, Principal Investigator (sole investigator)
Granting
Agency:
Dates: October
1998- March 2004
Brief Description: The
objectives of this research are: (1) to develop and refine methods for
quantification of variability and uncertainty in estimating emissions of urban
air toxics; (2) to develop and refine methods for identifying key sources of
variability and uncertainty in assessments of urban air toxic emissions and
exposures; (3) to develop probabilistic process engineering models for making
realistic estimates of emissions of, and the effects of control measures for,
urban air toxics; (4) to demonstrate the methods via a detailed case study of
urban air toxics emissions and exposures; and (5) to characterize the benefits
of the methods with respect to environmental and research management.
Title: Development
and Demonstration of a Methodology for Characterizing and Managing
Uncertainties in Emission Inventories
Investigators: H.
Christopher Frey, Principal Investigator (with four co-investigators)
Granting
Agency:
Dates: January
1999-January 2003
Brief Description: Developed
methods and case studies for probababilistic estimates of uncertainty in
emissions for ozone precursors for a number of source categories, and
propagated uncertainty in an emission inventory through an air quality model to
demonstrate air quality management benefits of the approach.
Title: Emissions
Reduction Through Better Traffic Management
Investigators: H.
Christopher Frey and Nagui M. Rouphail, Co-Principal Investigators. Collaborators include Alan Karr of the
National Institute of Statistical Sciencies, which is funding its own
participation.
Granting
Agency: NC Department of Transportation
Dates: April
1999- June 2001
Brief Description: Measured
real-world on-road vehicle emissions using a portable instrument. Compared emissions on selected corridors
before and after a change in signal timing and coordination to assess real
world traffic flow and air pollution benefits of a traffic control
measure. Developed protocols for data
collection and modal estimates of emissions.
Title: Services
for Risk Assessment Development
Investigators: H.
Christopher Frey
Granting
Agency: United States Department of Agriculture
Dates: October
1999 - September 2000
Brief Description: Provided
peer review on selected USDA reports.
Title: Identification
and Application of Methods for Sensitivity Analysis of Complex Food Safety
Process Risk Models
Investigators: H.
Christopher Frey
Granting
Agency: United States Department of Agriculture
Dates: October
2000 – January 2004.
Brief Description: Sensitivity
analyses of risk models can help identify the most significant exposure or risk
factors, aid in developing priorities for risk mitigation, aid in identifying
the importance of uncertainties in the model for the purpose of prioritizing
additional data collection or research, play an important role in verification
and validation of a model, and enable insight into the robustness of model
results when making decisions. Sensitivity analysis can also aid in identify
the most sensitive or important decision variables, which some may refer to as
"control points". This project
focuses on identification and application of methods for sensitivity analysis
of complex food safety risk models.
Title: Development
of a Module for Statistical Analysis of Variability and Uncertainty
Investigators: H.
Christopher Frey
Granting
Agency:
Dates: August
2001 – January 2002.
Brief Description: Developed
the “AuvTool” stand-alone Windows-based software tool for quantification of
variability and uncertainty in environmental data.
Title: Recommend
Strategy for On-Board Emissions Data Analysis and Collection for New Generation
Model
Investigators: H.
Christopher Frey
Granting
Agency:
Dates: October
2001 – January 2002.
Brief Description: Recommended
a conceptual modeling approach for a national vehicle emissions model based
upon availability of second-by-second on-board measurements of vehicle activity
and emissions.
Title: Recoding
and Uncertainty Analysis of the SHEDS/Pesticides Model
Investigators: H.
Christopher Frey
Granting
Agency:
Dates: May
2002 – July 2003.
Brief Description: Recoded
the existing Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation (SHEDS) Pesticides
(SHEDS/P) model from its existing SAS implementation into C++ and incorporated
new algorithms for quantification of variability and uncertainty in model
inputs and propagation of variability and uncertainty to model outputs.
Title: Methodology for Developing Modal Emission
Rates for EPA's Multi-Scale Motor Vehicle & Equipment Emission System
(MOVES)
Investigators: H.
Christopher Frey
Granting
Agency:
Dates: May
2002 – August 2002.
Brief Description: The
objective of this project was to develop and demonstrate an analytical approach
for estimating vehicle exhaust modal emission rates and distributions for the
Multi-Scale Motor Vehicle & Equipment Emission System (MOVES).
Title: Uncertainty
Analysis for the 1996 National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment
Investigators: H.
Christopher Frey
Granting
Agency:
Dates: January
2003 – March 2004
Brief Description: Quantified
uncertainty in the 1996 National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment (NATA) based upon
benzene, formaldehyde, and chromium and the
Title: Operational
Evaluation of Emissions and Fuel Use of B20 vs. Diesel Vehicles
Investigators: H.
Christopher Frey and Nagui M. Rouphail
Granting
Agency: North Carolina Department of Transportation
Dates: October
2003 to December 2004.
Brief Description: This project involves design and implementation of a field data collection study on diesel vehicles to measure second-by-second emissions of NOx, Particulate Matter, CO, and CO2, fuel use, engine data, and vehicle activity (e.g., speed, location) data using an on-board portable instrument. Benchmark modal emission rates will enable comparison of B20 and conventional diesel fuel, estimation of emission factors, and identification of opportunities to reduce emissions and fuel use through improved vehicle operation. Strategic recommendations will be made regarding biodiesel fuel, air quality management, energy management, and improved operation.
Title: NARSTO
Emission Inventory Assessment
Investigators: H.
Christopher Frey
Granting
Agency:
Dates: March
2004 to June 2004
Brief Description: The objective of this project is to undertake the first phase of development of a multi-national emission inventory assessment document, including participation of NARSTO and leading experts. The three major objectives of this work are to: (1) promote efficient and effective use of current inventories; (2) set the stage for improving future emission inventories; and (3) establish a roadmap for future inventories.
Title: Review
and Recommendation of Methods for Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis for the
SHEDS Models
Investigators: H.
Christopher Frey
Granting
Agency:
Dates: March
2004 to June 2005
Brief Description: The objectives of this project are to: (1) conduct a comprehensive review of available statistical methods for conducting sensitivity analysis and uncertainty analysis in probabilistic models; and (2) recommend a standardized methodology for conducting sensitivity and uncertainty analysis in probabilistic models. The proposed work includes review and recommendation of sensitivity and uncertainty analysis methods relevant to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation (SHEDS) models.
Title: NARSTO
Emission Inventory Assessment
Investigators: H.
Christopher Frey
Granting
Agency: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Dates: June
2004 to June 2005
Brief Description: The objective of this project is to undertake the first phase of development of a multi-national emission inventory assessment document, including participation of NARSTO and leading experts. The three major objectives of this work are to: (1) promote efficient and effective use of current inventories; (2) set the stage for improving future emission inventories; and (3) establish a roadmap for future inventories.
Title: Measurement
and Analysis of Diesel-Fueled Passenger Vehicle Emissions
Investigators: H.
Christopher Frey
Granting
Agency:
Dates: February
2005 to May 2005
Brief Description: The objective of this study is to measure and analyze
emissions for European diesel-fueled passenger vehicles.
Title: Measurement
and Analysis of Diesel-Fueled Passenger Vehicle Emissions on Dirt versus Paved
Roads and During Idling
Investigators: H.
Christopher Frey
Granting Agency: Texas
Transportation Institute via Clean Air Technologies International, Inc.
Dates:
Brief Description: The objectives of the study are to determine the possible
increase in vehicular emissions as a result of traveling on a dirt road versus
a paved road and to compare emissions during extended idling with emissions for
comparable time periods when the vehicle is turned off and later
restarted.
Title: Development and
Application of Optimal Design Capability for Coal Gasification Systems
Investigators: H.
Christopher Frey, Principal Investigator
Granting
Agency:
Dates: 1997-2006
Brief
Description: The objective of this project is to develop system analysis
tools useful in evaluating energy systems and in addressing the complex
problems of environmental management. This project includes the development of
a guideline document describing methods for identifying and characterizing key
technical and economic uncertainties which are required as inputs for
stochastic modeling of energy technologies. This project will include
development of new computer simulation models that shall predict the
performance, emissions, and cost of advanced fossil fuel power generation and
pollution control technologies specified by the U.S. Department of Energy.
Title: In-Vehicle
Energy and Emissions Information System
Investigators: H.
Christopher Frey and Nagui M. Rouphail
Granting
Agency: National Science Foundation
Dates: January
2003 – December 2007.
Brief Description: The
key objectives of this research project are to:
(1) develop a micro-scale predictor of energy use and emissions that is
deployable at the individual vehicle level in real-time; (2) identify, compare
and evaluate alternate energy use and emissions sampling/reporting schemes that
are appropriate at the vehicle and network levels; (3) Develop and test a
prototype In-Vehicle Energy and Emissions Information System (IVEEIS); and (4)
formulate and assess the utility of IVEEIS in developing transportation design
and control measures aimed at energy and emission management policies.
Title: Life
Cycle Inventory and Impact Analysis Framework for Nonroad Construction Vehicles
and Equipment
Investigators: H.
Christopher Frey and William Rasdorf
Granting
Agency: National Science Foundation
Dates:
Brief Description: The objectives of this work are to: (1) Characterize the second-by-second in-use emissions and energy use of nonroad construction vehicles and equipment, including emissions of nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, and particulate matter, including real time sensing and monitoring where needed to fill data gaps; (2) Develop a life cycle inventory of conventional nonroad construction vehicles and equipment; and (3) Identify and recommend methods for reducing energy use, emissions, and impacts..
Title: Real World Duty Cycles
and Utilization for Construction Equipment in NC
Investigators: H.
Christopher Frey and William Rasdorf
Granting
Agency: North Carolina Department of Transportation.
Dates:
Brief Description: Construction vehicles contribute substantially to statewide
emissions. 32 NC counties are partially
or fully designated as non attainment under new air quality standards for
ozone. Therefore there is a need to more
accurately quantify the emissions from construction vehicles and seek
opportunities to manage or reduce emissions.
The goal of this study is to assess construction equipment types and
uses, plan a field study, measure emissions and collect data, analyze the data
and develop typical cycles, and demonstrate methods for estimating emissions
for construction equipment.
Title: Best
Practices Guidebook for Greenhouse Gas Reductions in Freight Transportation
Investigators: Billy
Williams and H. Christopher Frey
Granting
Agency:
Dates:
Brief Description: The study will investigate current efforts within the freight
transportation sector to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases in order to
develop a list of best practices and promising initiatives. The investigation will consider programs and
demonstration projects developed at the state, local, or individual
company/operator level. The
investigation will also consider all modes of freight transport, including air,
road, rail, and marine transport.
Title: Exposure Modeling
Advice
Investigators: H.
Christopher Frey
Granting
Agency: National Exposure Research Laboratory,
Dates:
Brief Description: Dr. Frey will be on sabbatical to EPA/NERL as an Exposure
Modeling Advisor. Key areas of work will
include: (a) characterization of human
exposures near-roadsides as a result of vehicle emissions; (b) methods for
quantification of uncertainty in environmental modeling; and (c) methods for
communication of uncertainty to senior-level decision-makers.
Title: Training
and Instruction Regarding the Integrated Environmental Control Model (IECM)
Investigators: H. Christopher Frey
Granting Agency:
Dates:
Brief Description: This project focuses on development and delivery of training materials regarding the use of the IECM, with a specific focus on information relevant to the power plant population in the state of Virginia, including fuel and base plant options, emission control options, how to configure the IECM to represent such power plants.
Title: Measurement
and Evaluation of Real World Fuel Economy Impacts of a Fuel Additive for Three
B20 Biodiesel-Fueled Combination (Tractor-Trailer) Trucks
Investigators: H. Christopher Frey
Granting Agency: N.C. Department of Transportation
Dates:
Brief Description: Field measurement of three combination (tractor-trailer) trucks on B20 biodiesel and on B20 biodiesel with a fuel additive to quantify the effect of the fuel additive on fuel economy and emissions. Measurements made using a portable emission measurement system.
Title: Comparison
of Biodiesel versus Petroleum Diesel Based On In-Use Measurement of Emissions
for Heavy Duty Vehicles
Investigators: H. Christopher Frey
Granting Agency: Lafarge North
Dates:
Brief Description: This project focuses on field data collection, using portable emission measurement systems (PEMS), for a selection of eight Lafarge North America cement mixer vehicles were tested on both petroleum diesel and B20 biodiesel. The results are used to characterize the effect of B20 fuel on fuel economy and emissions.
Title: Baseline
Emissions Characterization of Two Diesel Locomotives
Investigators: H. Christopher Frey
Granting Agency: North Carolina Department of Transportation
Dates:
Brief Description: This project focuses on field data collection, using portable emission measurement systems (PEMS), for two line-haul passenger service locomotives, including one GP40 and one F59. Emission rates of CO2, CO, NO, hydrocarbons, and PM are characterized for each locomotive for each throttle notch setting as part of yard tests. The results will be used to characterize the baseline emission rates of these locomotives for comparison to existing and proposed new locomotive emissions standards and as a basis for future comparisons using B20 biodiesel.
Title: Truck Anti-Idling
Demonstration Project
Investigators: Anne
Tazewell (NC Solar Center), H. Christopher Frey, and John Stone
Granting
Agency: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency via NC Solar Center
Dates: February
2006 to August 2008
Brief Description: The
objective is to assess potential environmental benefits of heavy duty diesel
freight truck idle reduction technologies installed on trucks in NC. A key goal is to quantify actual grams per
gallons emissions with a portable gas analyzer and compare this data with data
extrapolated from an on-board data logger and fuel use with and without idle
reduction technologies.
Updated September 29,
2009