1880-1890 Continued translation
of European Political Ideas: Spencer, Revolution, ...
1880.03 J. S. Mill, Utilitarianism
(Shibuya ???, Riyooron)
1880.04 H. Spencer, Thesis on Education
(?Shaku Furihachi, Su-shi kyooiku ron)
1881.01 H. Spencer, New Thesis on
Women (Inoue Tsutomu, Jyoken shinron)
1881.05 H. Spencer, Thesis on Equal
Rights (Matsushima, Shakai byooken ron)
1881.06.23 Nakajima Shoogi, essay
in H™mei shinshi defends novels
1881.11.22 Katoo Hiroyuki retracts
earlier works; affirms social differences.
1882.03-1883.09 Rousseau, Social
Contract (Nakae Choomin, Minyaku yakkai, pub. in Seiri soodan)
1882.10 Fenollosa, True Thesis on
Art (Oomori Ichuu, Bijutsu shinsetsu)
1882.10 Katoo Hiroyuki, Jinken shinsetsu:
1882.12 Yano Ryuukei, Jinken shinsetsu
bakuron: opposes 82.10 Kato thesis.
1882 French Civil Code (tr. Minosaku
Rinshoo)
1883.01 Baba Tatsui, Tenpu jinken
ron: opposes Kato; human rights are self-evident.
1884? Fukuzawa Yukichi, Datsua ron:
Japan should 'leave Asia, join the Western hemisphere'
1887.05 Nakae Choomin,
Sansuijin
keirin mondoo: Debate between expansionism and democracy.
?? H. Spencer, Principles of Sociology:
Newspapers use scandals as political
tool: experience precipitous drop in readership.
1876? Tokyo shinshi lampoon by Bushoo
of Inoue Kaoru family scandal.
?? 1876.08
Ryuukei shinshi, Tookyo hanshouki newspapers halted for violation of publication
reg's.
1878.03 [Sangi] Kuroda Kiyotaka,
drunk, kills wife: cover-up attempt under Ookubo; 1878.05 resigns
1881.07-1881.10 Hokkaido land development
scandal (Kuroda again)
1882 Itagaki Taisuke overseas travel
funding scandal
1882 Kaishintoo in cahoots with Mitsubishi:
scandal.
1882 Jiji shinpoo: Fukuzawa Yukichi
declares political independence of news reportage.
1880-1890 Newspapers Published
as Political Party Organs (see section on parties)
= political
publishers enter small newspaper (koshinbun) market from 1882 {Tsuchiya
1999 has numbers}
= 'Small'
papers made physically larger: same as 'large' by 1887 {Tsuchiya 43}
Leftist (Freedom Party) Political
Organs:
1880.8.20 Sakigake shinbun:
defectors from Asahi shinbun; ed. Komuro Shinsuke.
1882.06.25-1885.03.03 Jiyuu shinbun:
(big) Freedom Party Organ:
1884.10.29 Jiyuu shinbun stops (bad finances): tomoshibi takes over role
as party organ
1882.09.01 E-iri jiyuu shinbun: (small)
illustrated party organ: Yoshida Kenzoo ed.:
1882.10 after party splits, Furusawa (editor of Jiyuu shinbun) and Yoshida
agree to be independent
1884.08~ articles begin to appear using colloquial (not classical) diction
1884.05.11 Jiyuu no tomoshibi
(small) replaces Jiyuu shinbun as party organ:
= less intellectual; uses semi-colloquial 'de arimasu' 'gozaru' style
1886.01.01
Jiyuu no tomoshibi renamed Tomoshibi shinbun.
1887.04.01
Tomoshibi shinbun renamed Mezamashi shinbun: ed.,
Hoshi Tooru
= under attack by gov't...?? - Hoshi Tooru imprisoned twice for violating
press laws.
1888.07
Mezamashi shinbun renamed Tookyoo asahi shinbun:
= novels by Saitoo Ryokuu, Aeba Kooson, ...
Independent Political Newspapers:
1882.03.01 Jiji shinpoo: newspaper
est. by Fukuzawa to be independent of government, industrial interests
Rightist (Pro-Government/Rikken
Teisei Too) Political Organs:
1881.12.20 Tookyoo nichinichi shinbun:
under Fukuchi Gen'ichiroo:
?? Meiji nippoo:
Moderate (Rikken Kaishintoo) Party
Organs:
1882 Yubin hochi (from '72;
Yano owner from '81) becomes party organ
1886 Hochi shinbun writing style is simplified for accessibility
1882.04.01Hinode shinbun: (small)
party organ, affiliated with Tokyo-Yokohama mainichi shinbun
1883.01.22 E-iri chooya shinbun:
(small) party organ
1883.03.16 Kaika shinbun: (small)
party organ: affiliated with Yuubin hoochi shinbun
1884.08.01 renamed Kaishin shinbun
1884.12~ uses rakugo (comic storyteller) style diction
Other New Newspapers:
1884 Miyako shinbun: Kuroiwa Ruiko
(main translator, left in 1892); Robun, Shouyou, etc.
=
features adaptations of Western detective novels
1888~ Dreams Die: Intellectual
Critique replaces Political Rabble-Rousing
1888.04 Nihonjin: Seikyoosha
organ, bi-weekly; Miyake Setsurei, eds.; Anti-Westernization
1891 goes defunct after repeated censorship, renamed Azia, weekly.
1893 renamed
Nihonjin, goes defunct again in 1895
1907 restarted as Nihon oyobi nihonjin under Miyake Setsurei (quit
newspaper Nihon in 1906).
1944 goes defunct after surviving all but Kantoo earthquake.
1888.11 Oosaka mainichi
1889.1.3 Asahi shinbun renamed Osaka
asahi shinbun:
1880s Intellectual groups, reform
movements, etc.
1885.7 Jogaku zasshi: essays
advocate gradual social change via women's education, Christianity.
1886.01.24~ Fushigi Kenkyuukai (Mystery
Research Soc.) to rationalize supernatural (Figal 1999:44)
1887.02 Tokutomi Sohoo starts Kokumin
no tomo: essays on national intellectual issues
1889.2 Nihon (nationalist
newspaper)
1890.2 Kokumin shinbun (under
Tokutomi Sohoo)
Assorted Literary Tidbits ...
1881.12.10 Ootakasa Hideyuki, Nankai
youshuu dai-ichi gou: Dodoitsu poems criticizing gov't (reprint in
Kurata)
1883.03 Itoo Sentoo, Shashin no
adauchi:
Assorted Cultural Tidbits ...
1882 Yokohama: Duke of Clarence and
Duke of York get tattoos by Horichoo;
= followed
by King George V, Czar Nicholas II
1880-1887 Political Novels
support Rights movement, introduce revolutionary...(cf translations)
= Set in
Japan, France, Russia, ..., contemporary & historical, women, M23-stories,
= published
in political newspapers (Jiyuu shinbun, Jiyuu no tomoshibi, etc.)
1880.06 Toda Kindo, Jokai haran:
Prostitute choses democratic politician over evil bureaucrat suitor
1881.03.13 Alexander II assassinated.
1881.06 Matsumura Shunsuke, Meiji
reppu den: bios of women??
1881.07-08 Miyazaki Muryu, Migiwa
no utena tsuki no omokage:
=
letter sent to publisher that details of the woman's life were mistaken
{Ochi H., GDNBGTK gappoo 44}
1882.04 Somata Sakutaroo, Retsujo
no gigoku: bios of Russian woman terrorists.
1882.05 Nakajima Shihei, Itagaki-kun
kinsei kibun: Lionizes Itagaki after assassination attempt.
1882.08.12-1883.02.08 Miyazaki, Jiyuu
no kachidoki (from Dumas, Taking the Bastille): Fr. Rev.
1882.09.01-1882.10.28 Miyazaki, Mujitsu
no shimoto: Vera Sasulich kills Police Chief Popongov.
1882.09 Kawashima Tadanosuke, Kyomutoo
taiji kidan: (Paul Vernier,
The Chase of the Nihilists)
1882.10? Tsubouchi Shooyoo, Seiji
too kooshaku (Administrative Hot Water):
1882-1883
Tsubouchi writes political allegories for Eiri shinbun, Nagai seitoo jijoo,
Nagoya shinbun
=
attacked gov't misappropriation of public funds
1882.11.05-1883.02.13, Kawazu &
Komiya,
Yuufu Teresa : pub. in Nihon Rikken seitoo shinbun
=
Erckmann-Chatrian, a joint pseudonym for Emile Erckmann & Alexandre
Chatrian, french:
1882.12 Sakurada Momoei, Nishinoumi
chishio no saarashi (Dumas,
Memoirs of a Physician)
1882.12
Nishinoumi
banned
(based on French revolutionary underground).
1883.01
Sakurada dies.
1883.01.14-1883.02.01 Miyazaki, Garnet
Wolseley no den (E-iri jiyuu): British military, punitive expeditions
1883.01.20-?? Miyazaki, Koch™ sekai
yume no kayoiji (E-iri jiyuu): based on Fukushima Reb ('82.11-12)
1883.03 Yano Ryukei, Keikoku bidan,
vol.1: Heroes reclaim Athens from evil Spartan rule.
1883.05.23-08.16 Miyazaki Muryuu,
Takane no arawashi (E-iri jiyuu):
=
Bakumatsu-ishin activities of Takeda Sh˛sai, leader of lower classes.
Illustrations by Yoshitoshi.
1883.09.14-12.28 Miyazaki Muryuu,
Itteki senkin ukiyo no namida (Jiyuu shinbun):
=
based on Edward King (1848-96), The Gentle Savage (1883, Boston)
=
Cherokee marries U.S. banker's daughter Alice, goes to Russia to join anarchists
1883.09 (posth.) Sakurada, Okuni,Tamizoo:
Jiyuu no nishiki:
1883.09 Sakurada (posth.) Jiyuu
no nishiki: (see above)
1883.10-12 Miyazaki, London Tower:
Political stories by William Ainsworth (1805-1882)
1884.05.11-09.23 Miyazaki Muryuu,
Chishio
no hana: cont. of Sakurada's
Chishio no saarashi?
1884.05 Hoshi Touru, Umi bouzu konjookai:
parody of Itagaki-Mitsubishi scandal? in Jiyuu no tomoshibi.
1884.09 Komuro Angaidou, Jiyuu
enzetsu onna: woman witnesses political upheaval late-Tok thru present
= note Komuro
was in Shanghai from 1884.08.18 to report on Sino-French war.
1884.12.10-1885.04.03 Miyazaki Muryu,
Kishuushuu:
Russian nihilists oppose tyranny, are executed.
=
first appears in Jiyuu no tomoshibi; tankoo-bon reprint 1885.10
1886.03.16-06.20
Muryu given 'light imprisonment' at Ishikawajima for pub. uncensored version.
1884.05 Shakespeare, Julius Caesar
(tr. Tsubouchi) billed as a political novel.
1884.02 Yano Ryukei, Keikoku bidan,
vol. 2: Athenian heroes conquer other territories.
1885.10-1897.10 Tokai Sanshi, Kajin
no kigu: Traveller meets expatriots from colonized nations.
1868.09
Refugee from Aizu, under attack by Itagaki's anti-bakufu army.
1879.01
Tookai Sanshi (= Shiba Shiroo) goes to US: Harvard, U.Penn; returns 1885.1
(six years)
1886.08-1886.11 Suehiro Tetcho, Setchubai:
A politician is falsely accused, hides, makes comeback
1886? Futabatei Shimei, Kyomutoo
katagi (tr. of Turgenev, Fathers and Sons): billed as political novel
=
publisher Hino Shoten refused to publish it: lacked excitement {Ryan 105}
1887.07 Tokutomi Sohoo, Kinrai ryuukoo
no seiji shoosetsu wo hyoosu (in Kokumin no tomo)
=
severe critique of political novels
1889 Tookai Sanshi (= Shiba Shiroo),
Modern History of Egypt
1890.03 Yano Ryuukei, Ukishiro monogatari:
1880s Age of Reform Movements
1882.05.14 Fenollosa speech at Ryuuchikai:
J. art is superior to cheap Western art
1882 (+/-) First joint conference
with Western powers in Tokyo, under Foreign Minister Inoue Kaoru, to revise
unequal treaties. Unsuccessful. Harry Parkes insufferable.
Second conference: Inoue wanted to allow foreign judges in Japanese courts,
but popular uproar forced Inoue to resign.
1883.06 Paris exhibition of Japanese
art
1883-1887 Rokumeikan Ballroom used
under Inoue K. to impress westerners during treaty revisions
1879 Inoue Kaoru
involved in treaty revisions: plans Westernization, domestic law revisions
1881 construction
begins in Hibiya, Western-styled architecture; 1883.11.28 complete;
1887 Inoue resigns
after treaty revision backlash, nationalist backlash; hall no longer used.
1889 sold to bank;
1890 used as Kazoku Kaikan (Peerage Meeting House); 1945 burned.
1885.12 Okuma Shigenobu appointed
by Ito and Inoue to be Foreign Minister, in charge of renegotiating unequal
treaties, thereby silencing the Kaishinto. Okuma did: proposed interim
mixed court, to be phased out; Tightened screws on resident foreigners
by restricting movement, investigating dummy corporations and long-term
leases. Plan leaked out before 1890.
1886- Laws designate national art
treasures, preservation of old temples
1890 Imperial Hotel (Teikoku Hotel)
opens: Western style
1890 Ryouunkaku: multi-story pagoda-style
building opens in Asakusa Park
1884-1890 Reforms sought in Literature
and Arts
1882.05.14 Ernest Fenollosa, Bijutsu
shinsetsu (lecture on art): proclaims value of traditional J art
1882.10
essay published in translation: could be interpreted as 'Japan should remain
exotic, un-modern'
1882 Koyama Shoutaro essay on uselessness
of calligraphy
=
prompts response from Okakura:
1883.09-1883.10 Tsubouchi Shouyou,
Shoosetsu
buntai, essay describes novels as one of the fine arts
1884.02 Fenollosa helps found Kangakai,
to appreciate Japanese traditional fine arts
1884.07-1884.12 Sanyutei Enchou,
Botan dourou (see 1862) oral story transcribed using shorthand
=
within one year, five more of Enchou's stories were published
1885 Ozaki Kouyou, Yamada Bimyou
start Kenyuusha [Friends of the Inkwell] [publish Garakuta Bunko]
1885-1895 Revival of interest in
works by Ihara Saikaku
1885.06-1886.01 Tsubouchi Shouyou,
Tousei
shosei katagi:
1885.09-1886.04 Tsubouchi Shouyou,
Shousetsu
shinzui: Theory rejects artificial plot, stereotyped character
=
claims colloquial language too diverse for realism; decries vulgarity;
1886 Tsubouchi Shouyou: Naichi
zakkyo mirai no yume: Foreigners cause havoc in Japan.
1886 Tsubouchi Shouyou: Imoutose
kagami: Out-of-class marriage goes sour.
1886 Tsubouchi Shouyou: Kyouwaranbe:
Good student fails in love, turns bad.
=
parody of Sat-Chou representation in Diet?
1886.04 Futabatei Shimei, Shosetsu
soron: Theory of realism, following Belinsky.
around this time: writers Kitamura
Tookoku, Hoshino Tenchi, Uchida Roan
1887 Morita Shiken (translated Hugo)
argues for literal translations, not adaptations
1887.11-1888.08? Yamada Bimyou,
Musashino:
1887.06-1889.08 Futabatei Shimei,
Ukigumo:
Gov't employee loses social position for not being 'modern'
1888.07-1888.10 Futabatei Shimei
(tr), Turgenev,
Hunter's Album: lyric realism of peasant life
1888.11.03-09 Aeba Kouson, tr. from
E.A.Poe, The Black Cat
? Ibsen play John Gabriel Borkman
performed in Tokyo (even before NY); men do female roles
1889 Kouda Rohan, F˛ry˛den:
1889.01 Yazaki Saganoya, Hatugoi
(First love):
1890 Tsubouchi Shouyou, Gaimu daijin:
(unfinished?)
1890 Ozaki Kouyou, Ninin bikuni irozange:
1890~?? Lafcadio Hearn transcribes
Japanese ghost stories (and much more) into English
1891.01 Aeba Kooson, Misujimachi
no tsuujin:
1892.06 Miyazaki Koshoshi, Kishoo
(Homecoming):
Theater in the age of reform
1886.8 Suematsu Kentoo et al form
theater reform group (engeki kairyoo kai)
1888 Shimpa (New School) founded
in Osaka as educational arm for Jiyuu minken undoo.
1894~ pro-war
plays by Fujisawa Asajiroo (1866-1917), ...
1894.9.7
Fukui Mohei, director (Kyoto), Nisshin sensoo yamatodamashii:
1894.10
Sudoo Sadanori (another Shimpa founder, Yokohama), Nisshin gekisen:
Attempts at Language Reform
1872 Mori Arinori (1847-89) series
of letters to US educators: disparages Japanese language
=
advocates English as language for modern Japan.
1883.07.01 Kana no kai (Kana Society)
formed: to promote literacy by ridding kanji.
=
Kana were supported by E-iri Jiyuu Shinbun
1885.01 Romaji Society formed: to
reform Japanese writing by switching to roman alphabet.
=
Romanization supported by E-iri Chooya Shinbun: Asano Kan
1885.05.27~
column on 'how to quickly learn romanization'
= note that newspaper use of colloquial
derived from oratory experiences of PRM politicians:
=
Kochin shinbun writers Sakazaki Shiran, Miyazaki Muryu, Wada Hotsumi
=
found precedent in English newspaper 'runners' (public readers): {Tsuchiya
1999:43}
1887 Morita Shiken: argues for literal
(not adaptive) mode of translation
Classical diction was used in textbooks
and Diet well through the 1890s.
Okada Masayoshi (1871-1923):
1895 proposed
abolition of kanji.
1900 proposals
for reform of J. language accepted by Diet.
1902 Kokugo Choosa Kai formed.
Miyake Setsurei: article in Taiyoo
advocates adoption of Korean script.
...no one
would imagine that Japan was bowing to a stronger country...
Saionji Kimmochi (1849-1940):
1894.10
becomes Minister of Education
1895.8 advocates
replacing Japanese language with English.
Toyama Masakazu
1884 advocates
abolishing kanji and promoting English.
Ueda Kazutoshi (1867-1937):
1895 advocates
standardization of Japanese language, with committee of writers.
Ozaki Kooyoo:
1895.9 Ao
budoo: uses de aru style
1895-1899 gradual shift from classical
to colloquial diction.