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This Page: Early Meiji Newspapers and the New Literature

Communication Technologies render Social Power ever more Visible:
      = see newspapers separately below
1869.12.25 Tokyo-Yokohama telegraph installed.
     1871.06.26 Undersea telegraph wire connects Nagasaki to Shanghai
     1872.05 Telegraph wiring completed between Kyoto and Osaka.
     1872.11? Telegraph in operation from Tokyo to Osaka.
     1873.02.18? Telegraph in operation from Tokyo to Nagoya.
1871.03 Public mail system (using stamps and mail boxes) started under Maejima Hisoka.
1872.07 Railroad connects Shinagawa-Yokohama (40 min's; 31-93 sen); '72.9.9 opening ceremony.
     1876.09 Railroad connects Osaka-Kyoto
1872.11 Jinrikisha inventor 'Otokichi' celebrated in media -- now makes 150-yen/month.
     ?1870.03 Waizumi Kazu(wa)suke invents jinrikisha (MBGZS 2:445)
     ~1872 Jinrikisha gains popularity in cities throughout Japan.
1873.12.01 Postal system institutes use of postcards.
1874.12.18 Gas lighting begins in Tokyo streets

1868-1885 Making the Emperor Visible: the Imperial Progresses, etc:
1868.11.04-11.26 Kyoto-Tokyo Procession (3,300 in retinue)
     1869.03?  ??Emperor is said to 'arrive' in Tokyo.
1869.04.10-1869.05.09 ???Kyoto-Tokyo Procession (3,500 in retinue)
1872.?? Photo of Emperor in European military garb, to comply with European diplomatic request
1872.06.28-1872.08.15 Chugoku-Saikoku Tour
1876.06.02-1876.07.21 Tohoku Tour
1878.08.30-1878.11.09 Hokuriku-Tokaido Tour (largest, 700 in retinue), w/ Iwakura, Okuma
1880.06.16-1880.07.23 Yamanashi-Mie-Kyoto Tour
1881.07.30-1881.10.11 (350 in retinue)
1885.07.26-1885.08.12 Yamaguchi-Hiroshima-Okayama Tour

1865-1885 Scholarship about the West and modernity: a Model for Reform
      = note lack of clear division between these and fictional works, listed below
1866-1870 Fukuzawa, 'Seiyou jijou': Scholarly examination of Western politics and customs
1867 James C. Hepburn, Waei gorin shusei (J-E dict): assisted by Kishida Ginkou,
1868.09 Fukuzawa, Kyuuri zukai (Outline of Science).
1869.01 Sugita Genpaku (posth.), Rangaku kotohajime: on introduction of Dutch medicine to Japan.
1869.?1 Sansantei Arindou, Retsujo meimeiden: On women??? Western??
1869.08 Fukuzawa Yukichi, Sekai kunizukushi: NeophyteÕs guide to the world, in ditty form
1870-1874 Kanagaki Robun, Shanks Mare to the Western Seas: comic journey towards civilization
1871.07 Samuel Smiles, Self Help (tr. Nakamura) Biographies of self-made business-military giants
1872.02 J.S.Mill, On Liberty (Jiyuu no kotowari, tr. Nakamura)
1872.03 Fukuzawa Yukichi, Gakumon no susume: Ex-samurai should learn entreprenurial skills
1872.01 Kanagaki Robun, Yamato-ji seiyou bunko, 8v: bio. of Napolean, from various sources
1870s Theater plays by Kawatake Mokuami lampoon Japanese Westernists.
?? Zen'aku-ryoomen ko no tegashiwa: Beauty Daqi of ancient China destroys her country.
      = see also the koodan by Nidaime Momokawa Nyo???
1874.03-1875.11 Meiroku zasshi: essays by moderate "independent" writers supporting Meiji rule:
      = Fukuzawa Yukichi, Nakamura Keiu, Katou Hiroyuki, Nishi Amane, Tsuda Mamichi,
1875.05 J.S.Mill, On Representative Government (transl. by Nagamine Hideki)
1875.06 Nishi Amane, The Three Treasures of Life:
1875.12 Katou Hiroyuki, New Thesis on the Body Politic:
1876.01 Montesquieu, The Spirit of Laws (Banpouseiri, ?Nani Yoshiyuki?):
1876.12 Nakamura Keiu essays on four evils of novels, ten laws to destroy lewd books
1877.05 J.S.Mill, ??? (Rigaku, Nishi Amane)
1877.09-1882.10 Taguchi Ukichi, Nihon kaika shooshi: history of Japan's modernization.
1877.12 J.J.Rousseau, The Social Contract (Minyaku ron, Hattori Toku)
1878.09 J.Bentham, ripp?rontuna (tr. Shimada Saburou)
1878.10 H.Spencer, Thesis on Representative Government (tr. Suzuki Yoshimune)
1879.04 Ueki Emori, Thesis on Citizen's Rights and Freedom:
1879.04.23 Asano Kan, essay in Chouya shinbun, defending novels

Gesaku Fiction and Illustrations lampoon Infatuation with the West
Narushima Ryuuhoku, Ryuukyou shinshi: kanbun gesaku
1871-72.?1 Kanagaki Robun, Aguranabe: Vignettes of social strata at a beef restaurant
1872.09 Fukuzawa Yukichi, Katawa musume (Crippled Daughter), satire of tooth-blacking.
1873.? Nakamura Setsudai, Katawa musuko (Crippled Son): satire of FukuzawaÕs Westernism.
1873.03 Mantei Ooga, Toosei rikoo musume:
1873.03 Hagiwara ??-hiko, Tookyoo kaika hanshooki:
1873.04 Hattori Seiichi (Bushoo), Toukyou shin hanshouki: kanbun gesaku
1873.11 Kikuchi Sankei, Tookyoo shashin kagami: poetry and illustrations.
1874.10 Mantei Ooga, Nihon onna kyoushi:

Performance Art confronts Westernization
    = yose, rokugo/ninjoubanashi, koudan/koudanshi,
Kawatake Mokuami plays....
1870s Henry Black performs rakugo adaptations of Western lit.
1870s theaters proliferate...
?? Kawatake Shinshichi writes for Danjuroo.
?? 1878 Ichikawa Danjurou uses everyday speech, no exaggerated movements.
Morita Kanya (the 12th) advocates theater reform: establishes theater as major cultural force
    1872 Morita-za moves from Asakusa Saruwaka-chou to city center Shintomi-machi
    1875 Morita-za incorporated under revised name Shintomi-za
    ?? burns down: uses temporary shelters for performances until new building finished 1878.06
    1878.03 play about Seinan War (Okige no kumo haroo asa gochi)
     = huge profits enable new building and grand opening {Furuido Hideo 1999}
    1878.06.07~08 Shintomi-za opens with kabuki plays on Tokugawa Ieyasu (Matsuei chiyoda shintoku)
     = gala event: invitations sent to over 1,000 top goverment officials and luminaries
     = at ceremony, Danjurou read a traditional chouka, then 270 gas lamps were lit
?1885 Seiyoubanashi Nihon utsushie: adaptation from Enchou, Seiyou ninjoubanashi

1870-1880 Newspapers (big and little) Reshape National Community:
    = Newspapers peak in 1881=253; low in 1883=199; 1885=321; peak in 1894=814
    = for definition of big and little, see Nozaki Safumi, in Okitsu Kaname, NKBTK 1:22
    = for laws on publication, see page on early Meiji government
1860-1867 Foreign papers; small public circulation {see Huffman for important early history}
1862 Japan Punch: Wirgman?
1865 Kaigai shinbun: Hamada Hikozou
1868.? Shinbunshi jourei: forbids publication without permission; temporarily stops newspapers.
1868 Yokohama shinpo mosihogusa: Van Leed (US)
1868.06.18 Dajoukan Decree 358: all new books will require official permission before printing
1868.07.12? Fukuchi jailed for essay criticizin new govt;
1868 War bulletins;
1868.07.28 Dajoukan Decree 451: all newspapers will require publication license
     = stipulates punishments: wipes out pre-Meiji news organs {Huffman 1997:44}
1869.04.18? Shinbunshi inkoo joorei: revised newspaper law, did not require censorship (?)
Publication Edicts: censorship system; prohibition of public agitation or lampoons of govt.
1870.12.08 Yokohama mainichibegins: reports on commerce, current events:
     = aimed specifically at merchant-class readership
     = Koyasu Shun?, You Kiji? use lead typeset made by Motogi Shozo, using his poetry teacher's hand
1871-1873 Spread of govt bulletins; distribution to rural areas; designation of paper readers;
1871.? Shinbun zasshi: Kido Takayoshi, supports govt,
     1871.05 (v.2) reports song "Tap on a crewcut head, and hear the sound of..."
     1873.07 Shinbun zasshi (v.114) lists 77 different newspapers published since 1868.
?? 1872 Fire destroys center of publication industry (Ito Sei).
1872 newspapers proliferate: 38 in 1872; 40 in 1873; mostly katsuji by 1874
1872.02.21 Tokyo nichinichi (big): Jouno Denpei (=Sansantei Yuujin), Ochiai Yoshiiku, Nishida Densuke
     = gesaku/ukiyo origins, easy writing for masses, Kishida '73 uses vernacular, first daily paper
     1874 first newspaper battle reportage, from Taiwan, by Kishida Ginkou,
     1874 Fukuchi Ouchi (=Gen'ichirou) editor from '74, supports government.
     1882 becomes organ for Rikken teiseitou (Constitutional Imperial Party)
1872.06.10 Yuubin houchi shinbun (big) daily from '73; Maejima Hisoka; news from 72 prefectures
     = Maejima gets postal service to deliver free to all prefectures
     = under Fukuzawa group from '74: Kurimoto (74.6: big in Bakufu, anti-Meiji), Fujita, Yano;
     c. 1882?? becomes Kaishintou organ.
1872.11.13 ?? Kobun tsuushi: with furigana, aimed at masses: later ??
     = ed. Otobe Kanae?? tries to intellectualize: '74 ed. Narushima Ryuhoku
1872??? Kyoobusho proscriptions on literary publication; publication act?
1873.1 Toukyou kanagaki shinbun (little): lasts only three editions.
1873.2.15 Mainichi hiragana shinbun (little): Maejima Hisoka: readability for non-elites.
     1874.5 stopped.
1873-74 Govt bulletins decline in number.
1874-84 Newspapers thrive with FPRM, Taiwan war reportage:
1874 (6.9 pages per 10,000 population): 1877 (26/10,000) {Itoo Sei}.
1874.4 Tokyo shinhansh™ki: Hattori Seiichi (Busho).
1874.9.24 Choya shinbun (big): Narushima Ryuhoku: critical of govt:
     1875.2.25 Editorial criticizes for opposing modernization programs.
     1875.8.28 Narushima confined to house five days, punishment for criticizing govt laws.
     1875.10.7 Suehiro Tetcho joins paper after release; Suehiro and Narushima satire of Inoue...
1874.11.2 Yomiuri shinbun (little): Koyasu et al; at Kotahira-cho: 26x35c: 'for women and children'
     = Honda (41) calls it the first of the koshinbun: typeset;
1875.4.17 Hiragana e-iri shinbun: Takabatake Ransen uses yomihon, kusazoshi styles.
1875.11 Kanayomi shinbun under Kanagaki Robun, breaks off from Yokohama mainichi:
1876.2.13 Suehiro imprisoned 8 months, fined 200-yen. Narushima 4 months; 100-yen.
1877.2 circulation hits 18,000.
1878.5.15 Narushima story on Shimada Ichirou: publication stopped 5 days.
1879 circulation drops to 9,000.
1875.3 Hyoron shinbun, v.2: Saigo group declares ministers of state should be put to death.
1876.3 Toukyou e-iri shinbun: renamed from Toukyou hiragana e-iri shinbun, from Hiragana e-iri shinbun
1876.7 publication stopped after running afoul of libel laws, etc. (109 volumes).
1875.4.17 Hiragana e-iri shinbun (little): Takabatake Ransen, Somezaki Nobufusa
later renamed Tookyoo e-iri shinbun.
??? Azuma shinbun: Ooi Kentaro (circulation banned).
1875.11.1 Kanayomi shinbun (little): Kanagaki Robun
1876.2.20 Oosaka nippou (big): Komuro Shinsuke
     1877.12.15 Osaka shinpoo (big): breakoff from Osaka nippoo.
1876.4-1883.1 Tookyoo shinshi: kanbun gesaku
     vol 334: Hattori Busho writes parody of Inoue Kaoru family affairs: publication halted.
1877.1.5~ Tokyo Times, saturday weekly, in English, under E.H.House.
1877.1 (~1884.10) Kagetsu shinshi: Narushima Ryuuhoku, editor. kanbun gesaku.
1877.8.3 Osaka shinbun (small):
1877.11 Robun chinpoo: Kanagaki Robun, editor.
1877.11 Tookyooo mainichi yuu shinbun: first evening newspaper.
1879 Yokohama mainichi bought by Numa Morikazu, renamed T™ky?Yokohama mainichi.
     ?1882 becomes organ for Kaishintoo.
1879 Tokyo keizai zasshi: ed. Taguchi Ukichi:
1879.1.25~ Asahi shinbun (small): Osaka; Tsuda Taku?Ken? (from Kochi).
     1879 price 1-sen/copy; circulation 4,500 within 6-months; values quick reportage.
     1879? management problems: break-off group starts Sakigake shinbun.
     1879? Reorganized: furigana, red-type added to ease reading.
???? Meiji nippoo: ed. Maruyama Sakuraku: organ (w/ Tokyo nichinichi) of Imperial Party.
1888.12.19 Osaka detchi shinbun (small): first two issues distributed free.

1876-1880 Boom Begins in Translated Novels:
     1848? Defoe, Robinson Crusoe (Kuroda Kikuro, 75p): tr. from Dutch
     1857 Defoe, Robinson Crusoe (Yokoyama Yuusei, 16p): identified as fiction
     1861 Christmijer Belangrijke, De Jonker van Roderijke (Kanda Koohei, Oran biseidan): detective novel
1871 Excerpts from Bible (tr. 'Teisei Gakunin', 5v): one of several editions of excerpts
1872-1873 Aesop, Fables (tr. Watabe Yutaka): one of several editions of excerpts
1872.04 Defoe, Robinson Crusoe (Saitoo Ryooan): tr. from Dutch (based on/same as Kuroda, c.1851?: 2v?)
1874.05 --story from 1867 French textbook-- (Kobayashi Kenkichi, Ryuubetsu kidan)
      = French siblings shipwrecked in Africa, rescued from savagery by Fr navy.
1874 ?Dioscorides (=Dutch pen-name), Shin miraiki (tr. Kamijoo 1878 tr. Kondoo): on future London
1875.05 Arabian Nights (Nagamine Hideki)
1875.09.07-1875.09.10 Shakespeare, Hamlet (Kanagaki Robun, Yoobu retsudo, in Tokyo hiragana e-iri)
1876.04.14-77.08.24 Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress (Murakami Shunkichi, Tenro rekitei i-yaku)
1877.09-78.02 (reprint) Christmijer, De Jonker van Roderijke, (Kanda Kohei, Oranda biseidan:, 1861?).
1877.12 Shakespeare, Merchant of V. (tr. unk., Kyooniku no kishoo, in Minkan zasshi)
1877 Defoe, Robinson Crusoe (Yamada Masataka, Kaisei bidan)
1878 Verne, Around the World in Eighty Days (Kawashima Tadanosuke)
1878 ?Dioscorides (from Dutch?), Shin miraiki (Kondoo Masakoto; c.f. 1874): future London
1878 ?John Malley, London Guidebook (tr. Niwa):
1878.10 Lytton, Ernest Maltravers, Alice (tr. Niwa, Karyuu shunwa):
1879 Fenelon, Telemaque (tr. Miyajima):
1879 Lytton, The Last Days of Pompei (tr. Oda? Niwa?):
1879 Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress (tr. Kondo, Tenro rekitei)
1879 ?Elizabeth Starling, ?Lives of Famous Women (tr. Miyazaki Kuniyoshi):
1880.03 Swift, Gulliver's Travels (tr. Katayama Heisaburoo)
1880.03-1881.03 Verne, From Earth to Moon (Inoue Susumu)
1880.04 Scott, Bride of Lammermoor (tr. Tsubouchi): first 3-1/2 chapters only
1880.11 Lytton, Strange Stories (Inoue Tsutomu, London kidan)
1880.? Verne, Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (Suzuki)

1876-1882 Boom in docu-fiction (jitsuroku) of sex, violence, injustice

--------Stories of Murder, Assassination, Revenge (fukushuu-mono)------
1873.02.07 Vengeance murders, though acceptable by Confucian standards, are declared illegal.
1875? Iwata Yasoya kills wife for being unfaithful
     1875.11.29-11.30 (12.28-30?) Takabatake Ransen, Iwata Yasoya no hanasi: first of the 'tsuzukimono'.
     = in Hiragana e-iri shinbun; Man murders unfaithful wife, then travels seeking expiation.
     = based on actual trial: arrested 10.25, sentenced 11.24 to 80 days prison {Honda 63}
     = article was not unusual, just long enough to merit two installments, thus called tsuzukimono {Honda 64}
     = narrates events from 11 yrs previously, trying to stab wife.
1878.05 Shimada Ichirou (et al) assassinates Ookubo Toshimichi.
     1875.05 Ookubo niseiroku: ?? about the assassination ???
     1879.06-1879.12 Okamoto Kisen, Shimada Ichirou samidare nikki:
1880.12.17 Usui Rokurou kills Tokyo judge Ichinose Naohisa to avenge father's murder.
     1870.05.23 Rokurou's father Watari killed by anti-foreigner private militia, incl. Ichinose.
     1881.01-1881.03 Saiga Ryuukou, Fuyu momiji tsuki yuubae: Usui Rokurou story.
     1881.09.21 Tokyo court sentences Rokurou to life imprisonment.
     1891.09 released {see Meiji nyuusu jiten}
     1891.09.22 give grand party: at residence of Nezu Jinsen???
           = included: Yamaoka Goshitsu, Ooi Kentarou Hoshi Tooru, Harada Ichidou
           = also: Nakamura Rokusuke, Okamoto Ransuke(?), Nait???.
           = also swordsmen performed: Asakaga Matashichir?(?), Fujisato (?), Iba Sootaroo (?)
           = also biwa performance by...
1881 Okamoto Kisen, Kawakami Yukiyoshi adauchi banashi:
1881 Matsubayashi Hakuen, Imatokiwafuse monogatari:
1883 Itoo Senz? Kaimei sh™setsu shashin adauchi:
1884 Takabatake Ransen, Ch™tori tsukuba no susomoy?
1884 S™ma Disruption {Matsuzaki MBKZS 21:10}
      = S™ma-han (?east of Fukushima) was small, but family made fortune on Ashio copper mine investment
     1876 S™ma Sei'in (age 25) begins to manifest symptoms of (hereditary) paranoia, violent dementia
     1879.04 Father (?atsutane, ?mitsutane) and family decide to have him confined
     1883.12 Nishikiori (?Yoshikiyo: son of a roonin) demands that the family release him, etc.
          = he knew about it because he worked for S™ma vassal Aota (?K™z?: clearly, it was extortion
     ?? Nishikiori's attempts at extortion are refused: he attacks residence: demands to meet Sei'in.
          = he is captured, taken to police: claims motivation was to demonstrate his loyalty to Sei'in
     1884.03 Sei'in is taken to private insane asylum in Hongou: Nishikiori again demands to speak to Sei'in
          = Sei'in refuses: Nishikiori fabricates letter of trust: claims Sei'in is falsely imprisoned:
          = Sei'in is released, goes home: wife dies suddenly from lung infection:
     1884.07 Sei'in is returned to Sugamo asylum:
     1884.11 Nishikiori demands to see him again: this time, he is imprisoned at Kajibashi.
      = news media and theaters portray Nishikiori as protagonist, S™ma family as villains
     1885.03 Takabatake Ransen, Kokubyaku somewake tazuna(Tether died in black and white): novelization
          = follows media interpretation; changes names;

--------Adventure Stories --------------------------------------------
1878.08.21-1878.08.28 Maeda Koosetsu, Kinnosuke no hanashi, ups and downs of merchant life.

--------Restoration Stories (ishin-mono)-----------------------------------------------
1873.?-76.? Matsumura Shunsuke, Fukko-yume monogatari: docu-story of final battles of bakufu.
1880.09 Okamoto Kisen, Sawamura Tanosuke akebono zooshi: story from c.1866.

--------1876-1877 Seinan War Stories---------------------------------------
1876.11 Shinoda Senka, Kumamoto taiheiki:
1876.11 Shinoda Senka, ?Amakusashima yuumei no kaigoo:
1877.03 Shinoda Senka, Kagoshima sensooki:
1877.09 Numajiri ?Keiichiroo, ?Seinan chinseiroku:

--------Poison-Woman Stories (dokufu-mono)-------------------------------------------
Canonical dokufu stories:
    Kokutei Bakin, Nansoo satomi hakken den: character Funamushi
    ? Kumazaka Oroku: in kusazooshi, kabuki
    ?? Dakki no Ohyaku:
<Omatsu> outcaste woman involved with army soldier
    1877.12.10-1878.01.11 Torioi Omatsu no den (Kubota) published in Kanayomi shinbun.
    1878.02 Kubota Hikosaku, Torioi Omatsu kaijooshinwa: Outcaste woman commits crimes, repents.
<Okinu> Harada Kinu (1843?-1872) = poisoned her husband to have affair with kabuki actor Arashi Rikaku;
    1872.02.23 Kooko shinbun reports 2.20 execution of Harada Kinu (29)
    1878.06-1878.11 Okamoto Kanzo, Yoarashi Okinu hana no adayume:
<Otaki>
    1878 Reireitei Ryžky? Sanpatsu Otaki kaika no sugatami:
    1878 Senryuutei Zeisei, Sekijitsu shinwa:
<Oden> Takahashi Oden (1847-1879) adopted daughter of 'Heimin Kuzaemon' of Gunma Pref.
    = wife of Takahashi Naminosuke, a farmer in Numata (Jooshuu);
    1876.08 arrested for murder of man she was living with
    1876.09 story of arrest in newspapers: Yomiuri, Kanayomi, Yuubin Hoochi, Tokyo Akebono
        1876.09.12 Yuubin Hoochi article compares Oden with Kumazaka Oroku
    1879.01.31 Trial uses evidence of Oden's confession; convicted; executed the same day.
    1879.02.01-2.04 her body is autopsied 'in great detail' at the Tokyo Fifth Hospital: Dr. Koyamauchi Ken.
    1897.02.01 Takahashi Oden no Kuchiyose (in Yuubin hoochi shinbun): Oden's confession
    1879.02.01-1879.05.06 Okamoto Kisen (=Kanzoo), Oden no hanashi (in Tokyo shinbun)
        1879.02.11-1879.04.?? Sonona Takahashi dokufu no Oden / Tookyoo kibun (Toosendoo): compilation of above
    1897.02.01-1879.02.02 Oden no hanashi (in Kanayomi shinbun): author might not have been Robun
        = discontinued to allow tankoobon (below) to compete Okamoto Kisen's work by rival publisher
        1879.02.14-1879.04.?? Kanagaki Robun, Takahasi Oden yasha monogatari (Tsujibun):
            = first publication to use typeset (kappanzuri); illustrations by Morikawa Kaneshige;
            = portrays Oden as savvy about rights (Kamei 2000:31)
    1879..02.02-1879.02.05 Dokufu Takahasi Oden no hanashi (in Ukiyo shinbun)
    1879.05.18 Kawatake Mokuami, Tojiawase Oden no kanabumi (Shintomiza):
        = Mokuami passes judgement: good within evil: portrays Oden as ignorant of new law (Kamei 2000:31)
        1879.05.30 script published in Kabuki Shinpoo (v.17)
    1880.05 Yoshida Shookichi, Takahashi Oden kudoki:
    1881.10 Kanagaki, Fujimatsu Kaganotayuu, Namimakura ukinano Takahashi:
    1883.01 Kikuchi Sankei, Ensikoden: kanbun translation of Takahashi Oden yasha monogatari; in Honchoo Gusho Shinshi
    1884.07 Yoda Gakkai, Oden giku: kanbun translation of Oden's confession; in Tankai, v.3
1879 Itoo Senzoo, Mizu no nishiki sumida no akebono:
??? Kawatake Mokuami, Zen-aku ryoomen ko no tegashiwa:
1880 Okamoto Kanzoo, Maborosi Otake uwasa no kigaki:

-------Peasant Uprising Stories (ikki-mono)-----------------------------------------------
1880.10 Takeda Koorai, Kanmuri no matsu Mado no yoarashi:
     1882 Takeda dies
1881.05-1881.10 Saigaen Ryuukoo, Mushirobata gunma no inanaki

--------End of Jitsuroku------------------------------------------------
1886.spring Yomiuri Shinbun replaces tsuzukimono with shosetsu-ran: will accept pure fiction
     = signals beginning of differentiation between news reporters and novelists (Kamei 2000:34)

1881-1890 Continued Boom in Translated Novels
1881 Dumas, Fifty-nine (Matsuoka Kameo)
1882 Bocaccio, Decameron (tr. Ookubo):
1882 Dumas, Memoirs d'un medecin (Sakurada Momoe, Nishinoumi chishio no yoarashi):
1882 ??  (Miyazaki Muryuu, Ennoo no shimoto): bio of Vera Sasulich
1882 ?Numano ?Etsu, Choomu kien?
1882.02 Thomas Moore, Utopia, (Inoue Tsutomu, Ryooseifu dan):
1882.09 Paul Vernier, The Chase of the Nihilists (Kawashima Tadanosuke, Kyomutoo taiji kidan)
1883.02.17-04.11 Shakespeare, Julius Caesar (Kawashima, Julius Caesar no geki, Nihon rikkenseit?shinbun)
1883.06 Pushkin, The Captain's Daughter, Takasu?Takata Naosuke?Harusuke, Kashin chooshi roku
1883.07 Arabian Nights (Inoue Tsutomu)
1883.10 Shakespeare (Lamb), Merchant of Venice (Inoue Tsutomu, Jinniku sitiiri saiban)
1883.10 Defoe, Robinson Crusoe (tr. Inoue Tsutomu): retranslation of 1872, 1877
1883.12 Fenelon, Telemaque (tr. Izawa Shinzo): a retranslation of 1879 by Miyajima?
1883 Verne, Thirty-five Days over the African Wilderness (Inoue Susumu):
1884.01 Scott, Lady of the Lake (Tsubouchi Shoyo & ?Hanki, Shunso kiwa)
1884.03 Disraeli, Coningsby (Seki Naohiko, Shun'ooten):
1884.05 Shakespeare, Julius Caesar (Tsubouchi, Jiyuu no tachi yonami): see above
1884 Jeanette Takky?, Fukoku bidan (tales of France, tr. Kuriya Sekikazu?)
1884 Verne, Martin Posse (Inoue Tsutomu): Russian revolutionaries?
1884.07 Goethe, Reinecke Fuchs (Inoue Tsutomu, Kitsune no saiban):
1884 Verne, Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (Taihei Sanji): prev. trans. 1880
1884.12 Stepniak (Kravchinski), Tales of the Russian Underground (Miyazaki Muryuu, Kishuushuu):
1885.02  Lytton, Rienzi (Tsubouchi Shoyo, Gaisei shiden): "novels are a transformation of poetry"
      = re: Nina ignores the beautiful scene around her {Komori p227-9}
1885 Lytton, Kenelm Chilingly (Asahina Chisen, Keishidan): word-for-word translation.
1885.07 Shakespeare, Hamlet (Tsubouchi Shoyo)
1886 Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet (Kawashima Keizoo, Shujoo ukiyo no yume): in 5-7 rhythm.
1886 Bocaccio, Decameron (Sano Naoshige): retrans. of 1882 Okubo?: Fifth day, seventh story
1886 ... Kanda Koohei, Yongeru kidan: reissue of 1861(1877) Oranda biseidan.
1886 Disraeli, Endymion (Watanabe Osamu, Seikai no jooha):
1886 Tolstoy, War and Peace (Mori Tai, Hokuoo kessen yojin):
1886 Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress: reissue/retrans. of 1879?
1886 Scott, Ivanhoe (Ushiyama Kakudoo, Bairai Yokun):
1887 Cervantes (Saitoo ??, Tanima no uguisu):
1887 Bocaccio, Decameron (Kondoo Toonosuke, En'oo kikan): Third day third story
1887 Erkman Chatrian, ?, tr. Komiyayama Keisuke?, ?
1887 Cervantes, tr. Nakamura Ryuuxx?, Bijin no xx:
1887 Dumas, Count of Monte Christo (Seki Naohiko, Seiyoo fukushuu kidan):
1888 Turgenev, Hunter's Album (Futabatei Shimei, Aibiki, Meguriai):