Imperial
Reign Names:
1596-1615 Keicho c·
1615-1624 Genna ³a
1624-1644 Kan'ei °i
1644-1648 Shoho ³Ϋ
1648-1652 Keian cΐ
1652-1655 Joo ³
1655-1658 Meireki Ύο
1658-1661 Manji ‘
1661-1673 Kanbun °Ά
1673-1681 Enbo σ
1681-1684 Tenna Va
1684-1688 Jyokyo ε
1688-1704 Genroku ³βR
1704-1711 Hoei σi
1711-1716 Shotoku ³Ώ
1716-1736 Kyoho Ϋ
1736-1741 Genbun ³Ά
1741-1744 Kanpoh °Ϋ
1744-1748 Enkyo
1748-1751 Kan'en °
1751-1764 Horeki σο
1764-1772 Meiwa Ύa
1772-1781 An'ei ΐi
1781-1789 Tenmei VΎ
1789-1801 Kansei °
1801-1804 Kyowa a
1804-1818 Bunka Ά»
1818-1830 Bunsei Ά
1830-1844 Tenpo VΫ
1844-1848 Koka O»
1848-1854 Kaei Γi
1854-1860 Ansei ΐ
1860-1861 Man'en
1861-1864 Bunkyu Άy
1864-1865 Genji ³‘
1865-1868 Keio c
1868-1912 Meiji Ύ‘
1912-1926 Taisho ε³
1926-1989 Showa Ίa
1989- present Heisei ½¬
Imperial
Family:
(107) 1571-1617 Emperor Goyozei
γz¬Vc (r.1586-1611)
Worked with Hideyoshi and Ieyasu to restore power of court. Scholar.
???? Keicho chokuhan c·ΊΕ.
1601 Ieyasu grants 10,000 koku to court.
1579-1629
Toshihito;
younger brother of Emp. Goyozei; adopted by Hideyoshi;
1590 dismissed from being Hideyoshi's heir after Hideyori born
1611 becomes advisor to Emp. Gomizunoo after Goyozei abdicates
1616 weds daughter of (Tokugawa) daimyo ?Kyotoku Takatomo
1617-1624 builds Katsura mansion
(108) 1596-1680 Emperor Gomizunoo
γ
φVc (Kotohito m; r.1611-1629)
Third son of Goyozei.
?1617 marries HidetadaΥs daughter Kazuko; approved by Goyozei before death
1629 Abdicated over Shie Incident. Was cloistered over four generations.
note: Ieyasu gradually shifts court away from politics and into arts
(109) 1623-1696 Empress Meisho
Ύ³Vc (Okiko »q; r.1630-43)
Second daughter of Gomizunoo and Kazuko (=Tofukumon'in).
(110) Emperor Gokomyo γυΎ
(r.1643-1654)
(111) Emperor Gozai γΌ (r.1654-1663)
(112) Emperor Reigen μ³ (r.1663-1687)
(113) Emperor Higashiyama R
(r.1687-1709)
Court holds 99,000 koku at end of century
(114) Emperor Nakamikado δε
(r.1709-1735)
(115) Emperor Sakuramachi χ¬
(r.1735-1747)
(116) Emperor Momozono
(r.1747-1762)
(117) Emperess Gozakuramachi
γχ¬ (r.1762-1770)
(118) Emperor Gomomozono γ
(r.1770-1779)
(119) Emperor Kokaku υi (r.1779-1817)
(120) Emperor Ninko mF (r.1817-1846)
(121) Emperor Komei FΎ (r.1846-1866)
Court holds approx. 130,000 koku at time of restoration
Tokugawa
Shogun Lineage:
(1) 1603-1605 Tokugawa Ieyasu
(1542-1616)
= after Hideyoshi
dies, Ieyasu allows wife and son Hideyori to set up Osaka castle.
1600 battle at Sekigahara;
Ieyasu victorious
1603 awarded titles from
emperor: 'sei-i taishogun' (Barbarian-conquering Grand General)
= reconstructs
his lineage to link him to court (Totman 97)
1607 retires to Sunpu,
leaving Edo to Hidetada
1613 with Holl. and Eng.
to trade with, Ieyasu launches attack on Jesuits.
1614 siege of Osaka castle:
anti-Tokugawa forces had assembled under Hideyori.
= Hideyori suicide;
son (Ieyasu's grandson) executed; many ronin heads 'posted'
1615 laws for military
households: designed to nip problems in the bud.
1615 laws: samurai should study
literature and martial arts
1615? daimyo should destroy
all but one castle of their domain
(2) 1605-1623 Tokugawa Hidetada
(1579-1632)
1614 under Ieyasu's direction;
issues edicts against Jesuits.
1616 reissues stronger
edicts against Jesuits; apostasy nearly complete by 1630.
1623 transfers shogun
title to son Iemitsu, but continues to rule.
(3) 1623-1651 Tokugawa Iemitsu
(1604-1651)
1632 becomes Shogun after
death of Hidetada
1634 takes army of 309,000
to Kyoto to display his power.
1635 sankin-kootai hostage
system formalized for tozama daimyo.
1642 sankin-kootai hostage
system made compulsory for fudai daimyo.
1649 limits size of daimyo
military forces, according to size
1650 Iemitsu asks Hoshina
Masayuki (Aizu ??-1672) to be guardian for Ietsuna
(4) 1651-1680 Tokugawa Ietsuna
(1641-1680)
= Hoshina
Masayuki is de facto ruler during first half of Ietsuna's reign.
= potential
instability after Iemitsu's death led to ideological crackdown.
= benign
economy and competent advisors saved timid Ietsuna from ruin.
= never really
directly ruled: senior advisors, etc., conducted policy
= builds
Shuugakuin Detached Palace: relaxs attitude towards court
(5) 1680-1709 Tokugawa Tsunayoshi
(1646-1709):
= presides
over urban flourishing of Genroku period
= unlike
passive Ietsuna, Tsunayoshi governs by his own wit.
= installed
advisors who were outsiders to the entrenched bureaucracy
1680-1715 Arai
Hakuseki was top government director
= made succession
difficult after he died; condemned by successors
= aspired
to be Confucian scholar/sage/king; added ceremonies to calendar
= builds Confucian shrine and study center in Yushima (Edo).
= supports
Buddhism: allots 200,000-ryoo for temples Gokoku-ji, Kan'ei-ji.
= regulations
designed to mitigate samurai violence; cultivate compassion
= shelters
for needy, etc.; 1695 established dog pounds;
1680s bakufu reserves
were gone; must tax (tariff, grab) more, spend less
= flood of
sumptuary regulations (picking up where Iemitsu left off): see Shively.
= clothing,
housing, food, etc.; ideological link between status and consumption
1687 laws protecting
animals (dogs) over humans: cause him to lose popularity
= he enacted law after being told he was childless because he was born
in year of Dog.
= afraid of hurting their dogs, people let them loose: 48,700 strays given
shelter...
1705 dissolves
Yodoya merchant house; takes its wealth.
= younger
brother of childless Ietsuna; bold initiatives countered economic turmoil.
(6) 1709-1712 Tokugawa Ienobu
(1663-1712)
(7) 1713-1716 Tokugawa Ietsugu
(1709-1716)
(8) 1716-1745 Tokugawa Yoshimune
(1684-1751)
1727-1728 Kyh Reforms
to improve bakufu finances; daimyo formally taxed, briefly;
= Bakufu authority
strengthened, but fails to restore economic well-being
(9) 1745-1760 Tokugawa Ieshige
(1711-1761)
= 'the most incapable
shogun'
(10) 1760-1786 Tokugawa Ieharu
(1737-1786)
(11) 1787-1837 Tokugawa Ienari
(1773-1841)
(12) 1837-1853 Tokugawa Ieyoshi
(1793-1853)
1838-1842
chief advisor Mizuno Tadakuni issues Tenpoo Reforms
(13) 1853-1858 Tokugawa Iesada
(1824-1858)
= childless,
diseased
(14) 1858-1866 Tokugawa Iemochi
(1846-1866)
(15) 1866-1867 Tokugawa Yoshinobu
(1837-1913):
= Seventh son of
Mito daimyo Tokugawa Nariaki (1800-1860)
1847 succeeds Hitotsubashi
family.
1866 reorganizes bakufu
on advice of French ambassador Roche
1867 reversion to Dajo
government.
Important
Daimyo Families, Domains, and Regional Affiliations
Tokugawa family branches:
Owari (619,000
koku)
Kii (555,000 koku)
Mito (350,000 koku)
Tozama families:
Shimazu (Satsuma:
770,000 koku)
Moori (Chooshuu:
369,000 koku)
Nabeshima (Hizen:
357,000 koku)
Other
Interesting People:
1554-1642 Anraku Sakuden: priest,
tea master,
1623 ?title: compilation
of humorous stories from yose (storyteller performance).
1558-1637 Hon'ami Kooetsu:
calligrapher, man of arts; republished literary classics
15??-16?? Tawaraya Sotatsu:
painter, from Kyoto
Fuujin raijin-zu
byoobu, etc.
1567-1636 Date Masamune: one-eyed;
ferocious, ostentatious.
1571-1632 Suminokura Soan:
scholar, trader
1583-1657 Hayashi Razan: Confucianist;
founder of Rinke group;
= reputed
son of roonin; student of Fujiwara Seika; father of Gahoo;
= employed
with Ieyasu; advised Hidetada, Iemitsu, Ietsuna
= early
advocate of jitsugaku (useful studies), in opposition to useless Buddhism
= rival
of Kumazawa Banzan;
= advocated
neo-Confucian Shushigaku; govΥt conservative, advocates bunbu ryodo.
= denounced
Banzan by linking him to roonin, Jesuits,
= denounces
Yamaga Sokoo
1618- ?? Yamazaki Ansai:
1636 goes to Tosa
as Zen monk;
1647 repudiates
Buddhism
1655 opens Kyoto
academy
1658-73 divides
time between Edo and Kyoto
1665-? works under
Hoshina Masayuki; influential in Edo
= govΥt
conservative: advocated bunbu ryoodoo as a peaceful doctrine
= works
to strengthen Shushigaku and weaken Buddhism (esp. Fujufuse)
= attacks
Razan and Gahoo for wearing Buddhist garb
1666 denounces
Yamaga Sokoo
= legacy
of ΤSuikaΥ Shintoo and ΤKimonΥ Shushi Confucianism
??-?? Suzuki Shoosan:
= advocated
Buddhism despite decline; traded swords for sutras
??-?? Asayama IrinΥan:
1638 Kiyomizu
monogatari: advocated usefulness of Confucianism over Buddhism
??-?? Tokugawa Mitsukuni:
Mito daimyo-historian
=
grandson of Ieyasu
1657 Dai
nihon shi started: massive history of Japan (concluded 1906)
??-?? Asai Ryoui:
1667 Otogibouko:
adaptation from Qu You (1341-1427) Jiandeng xinhua
??-?? Hoshina Masayuki: Aizu
daimyo-scholar: advocate of Shushi Confucianism, Yoshida Shintoo
=
supports Hayashi Razan, Yamazaki Ansai, Yoshikawa Koretaru
??-?? Hayashi Gahoo:
son of Razan
1690~
sponsored by Tsunayoshi; 1,000-koku;
= moves Shinobugaoka school to Yushima; called Shoohei academy
1630-1714 Kaibara Ekiken:
explained Confucian teachings in plain language
1642-1693 Ihara Saikaku: Novelist,
poet.
Koushoku
ichidai onna (Life of an Amorous Woman): Life story of woman who tries
it all...
Koushoku
gonin onna (Five Women who Loved Love): Erotic encounters of five women.
Nihon eitaikura
(Tales from the Family Storehouse): Stories of making and losing money...
1653-1724 Chikamatsu Monzaemon:
wrote jruri (romance plays) for
bunraku (puppet theater)
1703 Shinjuuten
no Sonezaki (Lovers' Suicide at Sonezaki): Merchant Tokubei and prostitute
Ohatsu...
based on story that had already achieved popularity in kabuki theaters
Shinjuuten
no Amijima (Lovers' Suicide at Amijima): no way to stay together but in
death...
1715 Kokusen'ya
gassen (Battles of Coxinga):
1657-1725 Arai Hakuseki: advocate
of Western studies.
1693-1723
Arai Hakuseki nikki: record of Hakuseki's life in politics.
1680-1715
top advisor to Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, et al.
1715 Seiyou kibun:
on European culture (printing, etc.)
??-?? Yamaga Sokoo: advocate
of Kogaku (ancient studies)
=
followed Banzan, Yui Shoosetsu,
1660~ argues
that to understand Confucianism, must read ancient texts.
=
advocates bushidoo; bu (martial) over bun (literary)
1665 Seikyoo
yooroku criticizes Shushigaku as impractical
=
Sokoo is ordered into exile at Akoo by Hoshina (on AnsaiΥs urging)
??-?? Sakai Tadakiyo:
=
the most powerful advisor (roojuu) to Ietsuna from late 1660s
=
tones down criticism of Banzan, Sokoo
=
villified after IetsunaΥs death
??-?? Kumazawa Banzan:
=
advisor to Mitsumasa of Okayama; rival of Hayashi Razan
=
advocated Ooyoomei philosophy; seen as ideal samurai
=
liked Ming China; warned bakufu of dangers of Manchu takeover
1657 retires
after years of indirect threats by displeased bakufu...
=
attracts followers among nobility
=
blamed for Mitsumasa's crackdown on Buddhism
=
abandoned by Mitsumasa, who switches to Shushigaku
1667 ordered
under house arrest
=
continues to criticize Confucianism of Tsunayoshi
1687 Daigaku
wakumon: broad criticism of Edo policies
=
domino theory that Manchus will next turn to Japan
=
put under stricter house arrest in Koga
1666-1728 Ogyuu Sorai: Ancient
China (kogaku) scholar:
= social
institutions are man-made, thus so are reforms
Seidan:
describes improving Japanese living standards, luxuries.
1658-1735 Hosoi Koutaku: calligrapher
1685-1744 Ishida Baigan: defended
merchant class
1691-1756 Takeda Izumo: playwright
of joururi (romance plays)
1695-1781 Hyakuan: Buddhist
monk, playboy
1697-1769 Kamo no Mabuchi:
Scholar of National Studies (kokugaku)
=
founder of Kenmon School (30% women);
=
disciples: Katori Nabiko, Toki Tsukubako,
??-??Asai Ryooi:
=
wrote kinpiramono puppet plays: single-minded hero conquers villains...
=
resonates with Banzan, Sokoo,
=
popularity of plays may have related to persecution of Banzan, Sokoo
1718-1759 Baba Bunk: from
Iyo; 1750 to Edo; writes satire; masterless;
1729-1779 Hiraga Gennai: Doctor,
technologist (thermometers, etc.), gesaku writer.
1763 Fuuryuu
Shidooken den: satire of contemporary storyteller Shidooken
1730-1801 Motoori Norinaga:
Kokugaku scholar
1771 Naobi
no mitama: argues Japan has nothing to learn from Chinese tradition.
1798 Kojikiden:
philological studies of ancient 'purely' Japanese genesis myth
1732-1806 Arakida Rei: woman
writer of monogatari
1733-1817 Sugita Genpaku: Doctor,
Dutch studies scholar,
Kaitai shinsho:
translation of book on dissection.
Rangaku kotohajime:
firsthand account of introduction of Dutch studies to Japan.
1734-1809 Ueda Akinari: writer
of supernatural stories.
1808 Harusame
monogatari: Rural ghost stories
1738-1793 Hayashi Shihei:
Kaikokuheidan
(Coastal Defense): military discussion, gets Hayashi imprisoned.
1739-1820 Kitao Shigemasa:
ukiyoe artist
Tozainanboku
no bijin (Beautiful women from east, west, north, and south).
1748-1821 Yamagata Bantoo:
merchant, wrote on Western science
????-???? Yoshio Koosaku: rangaku
scholar
1774 contrasted
positive image of Dutch with negative image of Edo commoners
1780s-1800
was leading J-Dutch translator {Screech}
???-???? Morishima Chuuryoo:
rangaku scholar
1788 J-Dutch
dictionary
????-???? Shiba Kookan:
scholar, despised obscurantism {Screech}
????-???? Kurahashi Ra'ichiroo
(Kanwatei Onitake): lost nose to syphilis {Screech}
1803 Wakanran
zatsuwa: comic dialogue of Chinese and Dutch men w/ J'ese woman
1753-1806 Kitagawa Utamaro:
Artist of ukiyoe portraits.
1804 Taik gosai
asobi (Fun with five wives): gets Utamaro imprisoned for pornography.
????-???? Tooshuusai Sharaku:
ukiyoe portrait artist
1794.05-1795.03:
designed over 140 portraits over a ten-month span.
1760-1849 Katsushika Hokusai:
Artist of wide variety of techniques.
18?? Fuji
sanjuuroku kei (Thirty-six views of Mt. Fuji): scenic woodblock series.
1761-1816 Santoo Kyooden: wrote
entertaining stories in various genres
Edo umare
uwaki no kabayaki: kibyooshi
1800 imprisoned
for violating publication prohibitions.
1764-1824 Kitao Masayoshi:
Illustrator,
Kinsei
shokunin tsukushie kotoba (Omnibus of modern professions).
1765-1831 Jippensha Ikku: writer
of kokkeibon (farcical stories).
1802-22 CΉGIΡ:
Slapstick city bumpkins travel the countryside.
1767-1848 Takizawa Bakin: writer
of yomihon.
1814-41 μ’©ͺ’`:
Eight heroes born from a dog fulfill destinies of Confucian virtue.
1769-1825 Utagawa Toyokuni I:
ukiyo-e artist; portraits of women
= ? initiates
practice of writing ads (ρπΆ)
1769-1850 Satoo Nobuhiro: Agriculture
scholar; espoused absolutist politics
1776-1822 Shikitei Sanba: started
fad for gookan ͺ.
1812 Ukiyoburo
(Bathhouse of the Floating World): Vignettes from an urban bathhouse.
1776-1824 Shimizu Hamaomi:
woman writer; disciple of Murata Harumi; {Marceau}
1811-1823
Kenmon ikoo: edited writings by followers of Kamo no Mabuchi
1776-1843 Hirata Atsutane:
Nativist scholar:
1805 (pub.1820)
Kishin shinron: New thesis on Spirits (Figal 1999:36): anti-Buddhist
1822 Kokon
yoomikoo (Past and Present Marvels): scholarly precedent for research on
miracles
1824 Senkyoo
ibun (Strange Tales of the Miracle Zone):
1777-1835 Utagawa Toyokuni II:
ukiyo-e artist; pupil of Toyokuni I.
1780-1832 Rai Sanyoo: Confucian
scholar:
1826 Nihon
gaishi(Private History of Japan): stesses importance of imperial line
1783-1842 Ryuutei Tanehiko:
gesaku, gokan, depictions of popular culture;
Suzuki bouchou
aoto no kireaji
1829-42 Nise Murasaki
Inaka Genji: retelling of Genji in Muromachi context.
Youshabako
Punished
during Tenpo Reforms, becomes sick and dies.
1786-1864 Utagawa Kunisada:
ukiyo-e artist; boar's head insignia
1787-1856 Ninomiya Sontoku:
practical teachings
1790-1843 Tamenaga Shunsui:
Steamy city romances.
1832-33 Umegoyomi:
Heartbreak-boy spends papa's money on geisha
1833-35 Tatsumi
no sono. Erotic continuation of Umegoyomi.
1836-42 Megumi
no hana ('36), Eitai dango ('38), Umemibune ('41-2),
cont's of Umegoyomi.
1836-37 Haru-tsuge
dori.
1842 manacled
fifty days for publishing pornography; books and print-blocks destroyed.
17??-1841 Ryuutei Rijoo: Called
'elder brother' of Tamenaga Shunsui; depicted Edo merchant class.
1820-1849
Hanagoyomi Hasshjin: eight people involved in pratfall antics???
1797-1858 Andoo Hiroshige:
Artist, illustrator of scenic woodblock prints
1833 Tookaidoo
gojuusantsugi (Fifty-three stations on the Tokaido): scenic woodblock series.
= Note: see 'Bakumatsu People' for
list of those born after 1800, or who played a prominent role in Restoration.
Westerners
in Japan:
Francis Xavier,
Sidotti,
Englebert Kaempfer (1690-1692 in
J)
=
writes History of Japan
Isaac Titsingh (1780-1784 leader
of Dutch VOC)
Carl Peter Thumberg (Swede: 1775)
=
later became president of University of Uppsala
1834 Hendrik Doeff & Francois
Halma publish Dutch-Japanese Dictionary
Philipp Franz von Siebold (1820s)
Roche
Japanese People outside of Japan
1728 Gonza and Sza leave Satsuma;
shipwreck on Kamchatka; sent to St. Petersburg; arrive 1732-4;
=
Orthodox Baptism; S. dies 1736; G. writes Satsuma-dialect lexicon, etc.;
d.1739.
????-1828 Daikokuya Koodayuu: boat
captain rescued by Russians: celebrity in St. Petersburg
1792
returns to Japan (with two others?): granted audience by Shogun: dies under
equivalent of house arrest
Regions:
Aizu: Chron of Aizu: see Shiba Goro:
1668 Yamazaki Ansai writes house
code for Hoshina Masayuki (Aizu) & Ietsuna.
Confucian asymmetry: obey up,
love down; disregard women; Shogun above all.
=================================
Takadaya Yoshibei?: Hyogo. Captain
of 1,500-koku ship Shin'etsu-maru;
= Bakufu
hires to explore northern routes to Etorofu, etc.
Kawamura Tanken?: late 1600s
= Bakufu
hires to ascertain best sea routes around Izu, then Inland Sea.
====================
Bibliography:
Totman,