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Miller  Course theme8xWhere do genres come from? General social change? Individual performance? New technology? Globalization? Emerging genres:NN   Course organizationWeek 1: Rhetorical situations and genres Week 2: Case studies of genre change Week 3: New digital genres Week 4: New genres in teaching and learning:)%+   AssignmentsReading: to comprehend, to question Discussing: to check comprehension, to raise questions, to make applications Oral reports: to develop understanding, to share ideas Written reports: to critically apply ideas:$M7* Course conductLecture Discussion Reports0    Introductions&Me You name course of study interestsX  LanguageEnglish Portuguese& Approaches to genre5Literary Linguistic Information science Rhetorical`6Z 7# 7# 7# 7#Approaches to genreLiterary: form, structure, style, typical thematic content Linguistic: internal structure Information science: classification, archiving Rhetorical: effect on audience, social function~Z7#4 7# 7# 7#% $$Approaches to genreLiterary: form, structure, style, typical thematic content Linguistic: internal structure Information science: classification, archiving Rhetorical: effect on audience, social function~Z0v7#Z4   7#%  Historical backgroundClassical rhetoric: Plato, Aristotle, Cicero, Quintilian Why? role of speaking in self-government concepts, language still influential concepts, language still useful b?i9$% Historical background& Aristotle On Rhetoric, about 330 BCEV' 7#   Historical background Aristotle I.3.i  The species of rhetoric are three in number; for such is the number [of classes] to which the hearers of speeches belong. A speech consists of three things: a speaker and a subject on which he speaks and someone addressed, and the objective [telos] of the speech relates to the last [I mean the hearer]. JD 7#8  :Historical backgroundD Aristotle I.3.ii  Now it is necessary for the hearer to be either an observer or a judge, and [in the latter case] a judge of either past or future happenings. J 7#   $Aristotle s genres$Aristotle s genres$Aristotle s genres$Aristotle s genresWhat does Aristotle s classification omit? In the ancient world? Today?\+ %7# Contemporary background1920 1960, Neo-Aristotelian rhetoric British and American  public address focus on individual achievement 1960s, challenges new social movements focus on relationships Edwin Black, Rhetorical Criticism, 1965 Campbell & Jamieson, Form and Genre, 1975%F~%F     $$((,, Bitzer, 1968 Rhetorical situation exigence: clear or unclear, determinate or indeterminate audience: other, others, self, ideal mind constraints:  beliefs, attitudes, documents, facts, traditions, images, interests, motives ; add forum, mode of disseminationn7#2  7#" 7#r Bitzer, 1968 Rhetorical situation  fitting response : situation  must prescribe the response that fits rhetor may or may not read prescription accuratelyRy7#5 2 Bitzer, 1968&rhetorical vs non-rhetorical discourse rhetorical vs non-rhetorical exigences pragmatic vs representational or aesthetic understanding of discourse exigence vs intention real vs sophistic or fictional situations simple vs complex highly vs loosely structured singular vs persistent or recurrent^'Z''E  } %$C* Vatz, 19736Meaning is constructed not objective. choice of events creative depiction in language Rhetor is ethically responsible. Discipline of rhetoric is  supreme. X&0F&! $ Comparison ComparisonDisagreements with BitzerPRhetoric is not a type of discourse but a dimension of discourse. Therefore, science and poetry are also rhetorical.  Control,  demand,  requirement, etc., are socially constructed.  Exigence is socially constructed.  Fitting response,  appropriateness are clues to social constructedness. )Z7#  7#2D#  $$K((,,Disagreements with VatzRhetor s choice cannot be  a matter of pure arbitration. Tradition, persistence, recurrence have strong effect on  phenomenological perspective of speaker and audience. Intention must negotiate with exigence. :Z;r(  Assignment for ThursdayReading Miller,  Genre as Social Action Group oral report (10 minutes) Describe the three components of two recurrent rhetorical situations with which you are familiar. 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