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Miller North Carolina State University November 20070@     Suspicion: Aristotle"Authors should compose without being noticed and should seem to speak not artificially but naturally. The latter is persuasive, the former the opposite; for [if artifice is obvious] people become resentful, as at someone plotting against them, just as they are at those adulterating wines. *#" Suspicion: Longinus @There is an inevitable suspicion attaching to the unconscionable use of figures. It gives a suggestion of treachery, craft, fallacy, especially when your speech is addressed to a judge with absolute authority. . . . So we find that a figure is always most effective when it conceals the very fact of its being a figure. AASuspicion: ad Herennium&  The number [of points in the Enumeration] ought not to exceed three; for otherwise . . . it instils in the hearer the suspicion of premeditation and artifice, and this robs the speech of conviction. \dSpontaneity: ad Herennium&  [certain figures involving word-play] are to be used very sparingly when we speak in an actual cause, because their invention seems impossible without labour and pains. (, Spontaneity: Alcidamas The best evidence for [the undesirability of a poetic style] is that people who write speeches for the lawcourts avoid great precision of expression and imitate instead the style of extemporaneous speakers. ,g ]Spontaneity: QuintilianAbove all it is necessary to conceal the care expended upon it [artistic structure] so that our rhythms may seem to possess a spontaneous flow, not to have been the result of elaborate search or compulsion. Sincerity: QuintilianWho will endure the orator who expresses his anger, his sorrow or his entreaties in neat antitheses, balanced cadences and exact correspondences? Too much care for our words under such circumstances weakens the impression of emotional sincerity, and wherever the orator displays his art unveiled, the hearer says,  The truth is not in him. VZVSincerity: ad Herennium&  8We must take care that the Summary should not be carried back to the Introduction or the Statement of Facts. Otherwise the speech will appear to have been fabricated and devised with elaborate pains to as to demonstrate the speaker s skill, advertise his wit, and display his memory. ZMimesis: Cato the ElderGRem tene; verba sequentur. Grasp the subject; the words will follow. >H* H+'Mimesis: AristotleHSomething seems true when the speaker does not conceal what he is doing. IH(Mimesis: Longinus Just as people who are really angry or frightened or worried or are carried away from time to time by jealousy or any other feeling . . . often put forward one point and then spring off to another with various illogical interpolations . . . so, too, the best prose-writers by the use of inversions imitate nature and achieve the same effect. For art is only perfect when it looks like nature and Nature succeeds only by concealing art about her person. ZMimesis: DionysiusThe distinctive nature of its melodious composition seems, as it were, not to be contrived or formed by any conscious art & . Yet it is more carefully composed than any work of art. For this artlessness is itself the product of art: the relaxed structure is really under control, and it is in the very illusion of not having been composed with masterly skill that the mastery lies. ZHistory of the Royal Society & a constant Resolution, to reject all the amplifications, digressions, and swellings of style: to return back to the primitive purity, and shortness, when men deliver'd so many things, almost in an equal number of words. They have exacted from all their members, a close, naked, natural way of speaking; positive expressions; clear senses; a native easiness: bringing all things as near the Mathematical plainness, as they can &  Thomas Sprat, 1667, XX@ZZ> History of the Royal Society & a constant Resolution, to reject all the amplifications, digressions, and swellings of style: to return back to the primitive purity, and shortness, when men deliver'd so many things, almost in an equal number of words. They have exacted from all their members, a close, naked, natural way of speaking; positive expressions; clear senses; a native easiness: bringing all things as near the Mathematical plainness, as they can &  Thomas Sprat, 1667, XXZZ7#  7#7#R7#(   $$7#((,,7#/00 447#88<<> Example: Risk Analysis Example: Risk AnalysisChauncey Starr, "Social Benefit Versus Technological Risk." Science 165 (1969): 1232 38.(Y<Example: Risk AnalysisU.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Reactor Safety Study: An Assessment of Accident Risks in U.S. Commercial Nuclear Power Plants. Washington, DC: U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1975.($^<Starr s goal6 If we understood quantitatively the causal relationships between specific technological developments and societal values, both positive and negative, we might deliberately guide and regulate technological developments so as to achieve maximum social benefit at minimum social cost.   Starr s argumentHPremise: Nuclear plants should be as safe as coal-burning plants. 1. Coal-burning plants = 4 deaths /year/million-kw power station. 2. One nuclear plant catastrophe would produce 10 lethal cancers/million population. 3. A nuclear plant with a probability of one such accident every 3 years meets the target risk limit. 4. However, power companies expect plants to last about 30 years. 5. Power companies need an accident rate of < 1/100 plant years, or 10 deaths/100 plant years, or 0.1 death/yr/million population. 6. The economic investment criteria of the power company sets a risk level 1/200 of the present socially accepted risk. Conclusion:  The economic requirement for the protection of major capital investments may often be a more demanding safety constraint than social acceptability. 0%Z">d &Reactor Safety Study goalF to assess the risks to the public from potential accidents in nuclear power plants of the type being built in the United States today to  produce a more realistic assessment of those risks than has been provided in earlier work; it may also help to dispel some of the existing confusion &$!Logos conceals pathos2  j All enthymemes are enthymemes of pathos (Walker). &6"3"Logos conceals pathos2   All enthymemes are enthymemes of pathos (Walker). Logos is itself a pathos-appeal. NX"   3"#Logos conceals ethos2  L Good sense is reduced to expertise.  $Logos conceals ethos2   Good sense is reduced to expertise. Opinions masquerade as facts. 0G' , %Logos conceals ethos2   Good sense is reduced to expertise. Opinions masquerade as facts. 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ICmPCPCCCQCCmJwoCCoǬC͊CC[CTpC,ܾCVCC{{CC|NCNXNCCC CCYzC zzïzƗɄzzͥzԌzzẑц~z 䫈z߄zzzΊz̫zzzzz,\ߦWŽ z{ľ$z  d=]FCCC$ zzzz żF$ F$ F$ F$ F$ F$ F$ F$ F$ F$ F$ F$ F$ F$ F$ F$ .   =9  ! . *   }  F$ F$ F$ F$ F$ -   K 5u    " . -   z     F$ F$ F$ F$ F$ F$C -,R5  5+0       F$ F$ F$ F$ F$ F$ F$ F$ F$ F$ F$ F$ F$ F$ F$ F$ F$ F$ F$ F$ F$ F$ F$ F$ F$ F$ F$ ՜.+,0     1On-screen ShowCarolyn R. Millerk#" (ArialＭＳ Ｐゴシック Wingdings Palatinotemplate-blueIConcealing and Revealing the Art of Rhetoric in Science and TechnologyPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationSuspicion: AristotleSuspicion: LonginusSuspicion: ad HerenniumSpontaneity: ad HerenniumSpontaneity: AlcidamasSpontaneity: QuintilianSincerity: QuintilianSincerity: ad HerenniumMimesis: Cato the ElderMimesis: AristotleMimesis: LonginusMimesis: DionysiusPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationHistory of the Royal SocietyHistory of the Royal SocietyExample: Risk AnalysisExample: Risk AnalysisExample: Risk AnalysisStarr’s goalStarr’s argumentReactor Safety Study goalLogos conceals pathosLogos conceals pathosLogos conceals ethosLogos conceals ethosLogos conceals ethosSummarySummary  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titles#)_ɪ"BCarolyn R. MillerCarolyn R. Miller