Hilarigona sp. (Chile)
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  About Dance Flies The following is a list of selected references for the subfamily Empidinae (Dance Flies), as well as a few general references on sexual selection.

Dance Fly Behavior

Dance Fly Taxonomy & Morphology

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Mating Behavior
1 Chvála, M. and Wagner, R. 1989. Empididae. Pp. 228-235 in: Sóos, A. and Papp, L. [eds.], Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest.
2 Alcock, J. 1973. The mating behavior of Empis barbatoides Melander and Empis poplitea Loew (Diptera: Empididae). J. Nat. Hist. 7: 411-420.
3 Alcock, J., Carpenter, J., Eickwort, G.C., Hook, A.W., Krispyn, J.W. and Matthews, R.W. 1979. Observations on the mating behavior of the empidid fly, Rhamphomyia pectoris (Diptera). J. Georgia Entomol. Soc. 14: 351-354.
4 Aldrich, J. and Turley, L.A. 1899. A balloon-making fly. American Naturalist 33: 809-812.
5 Bartak, M. 2001. Biology of Rhamphomyia (Megacyttarus) crassirostris (Fallen). Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 45: 9-14.
6 Chvála, M. 1976. Swarming, mating and feeding habits in Empididae (Diptera), and their significance in evolution of the family. Acta ent. bohemoslov. 73: 353-366.
7 Chvála, M. 1978. The modified mating behaviour of Empis albicans Meig. (Diptera: Empididae), with notes on the presumed origin of prey presentation. Dipterologica Bohemoslavaca 1: 55-67.
8 Chvála, M. 1980. Swarming rituals in two Empis and one Bicellaria species (Diptera, Empididae). Acta ent. bohemoslov. 77: 1-15.
9 Chvála, M. 1996. Evolution of epigamic behaviour in Empis (Diptera, Empididae) in the Palearctic region. Dipterol. Bohemoslov. 7: 37-40.
10 Chvála, M. 1999. Redescription, biology and distribution of Hilara splendida Straka (Diptera: Empididae), and notes on holoptism in the genus. Acta Univ. Carol. Biol. 43: 211-220.
11 Chvála, M. 1999. Epigamic behaviour of Hilara clavipes and H. cilipes (Diptera: Empididae), an example of premating ethological isolation in mixed swarms. Dipterologica Bohemoslovaca 9: 31-35.
12 Crane, A.E. 1961. A study of the habits of Rhamphomyia scutellaris Coquillett (Diptera : Empididae). Wasmann Journal of Biology 19: 247-263.
13 Cumming, J.M. 1994. Sexual selection and the evolution of dance fly mating systems (Diptera: Empididae; Empidinae). Canadian Entomologist 126: 907-920.
14 Daugeron, C. 1997. Evolution of feeding and mating behaviors in the Empidoidea (Diptera: Eremoneura). Pp. 163-182 in: Grandcolas, P. [ed.], The Origin of Biodiversity in Insects: Phylogenetic Tests of Evolutionary Scenarios. Mus. natn. Hist. nat., Paris.
15 Daugeron, C. and Grootaert, P. 2005. Atypical mating behaviour in Rhamphomyia
(Lundstroemiella) magellensis Frey. Belgian Journal of Zoology 135: 97-99.
16 Downes, J.A. 1970. The feeding and mating behaviour of the specialized Empidinae (Diptera); observations on four species of Rhamphomyia in the high arctic and a general discussion. Canadian Entomologist 102: 769-791.
17 Evans, H.E. 1988. Observations on swarms of Rhamphomyia sociabilis (Williston) (Diptera: Empididae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 96: 316-322.
18 Forrest, T.G. 1985. Swarming in a balloon-carrying empidid (Empididae: Hilara). Psyche 92: 287-295.
19 Funk, D.H. and Tallamy, D.W. 2000. Courtship role reversal and deceptive signals in the long-tailed dance fly, Rhamphomyia longicauda. Animal Behavior 59: 411-421.
20 Gruhl, K. 1924. Paarungsgewohnheiten der Dipteren. Z. Wiss. Zool. 122: 205-280.
21 Gruhl, K. 1927. Neue Beiträge zum Problem der Lufttänze. Z. Ent. 15: 1-13.
22 Gruhl, K. 1955. Neue Beobachtungen an Schwarm- und Tanzgesellschaften der Dipteren (Dipt.). Dt. en. Z. (N.F.) 2: 332-353.
23 Gruhl, K. 1959. Dipterenstudien im Siebengebirge. Decheniana 7: 103-118.
24 Gruhl, K. 1963. Sind Tanze von Weibchen bei Empis und Rhamphomyia (Diptera) an gewisse Sondermerkmale gebunden?. Deutsche Entomologische Gesellschaft Mitteilungen 22: 88-96.
25 Gruhl, K. 1964. Schwarmen und Tanzen bei Pararhamphomyia anafractuosa Bezzi (Empididae, Diptera). Deutsche Entomologische Gesellschaft Mitteilungen 23: 10-15.
26 Gwynne, D.T. 2002. Female mating swarms increase predation risk in a 'role-reversed' dance fly (Diptera: Empididae: Rhamphomyia longicauda Loew). Behaviour 139: 1425-1430.
27 Gwynne, D.T., Bussiere, L.F. and Ivy, T.M. 2007. Female ornaments hinder escape from spider webs in a role-reversed swarming dance fly. Animal Behavior 73: 1077-1082.
28 Hamm, A.H. 1908. Observations on Empis livida, L.. Entomologists's Monthly Magazine 19: 181-184.
29 Hamm, A.H. 1909. Further observations on the Empidinae. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 20: 157-162.
30 Hamm, A.H. 1909. Observations on Empis opaca, F.. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 45: 132-134.
31 Hamm, A.H. 1933. The epigamic behaviour and courtship of three specie sof Empididae. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 69: 113-117.
32 Hobby, B.M. 1932. The epigamic behaviour of the male Empis opaca, F. (Diptera, Empididae). Proc. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 6: 67-68.
33 Hobby, B.M. and Smith, K.G.V. 1961. The bionomics of Empis tessellata F. (Dipt., Empididae). Entomologist's Montly Magazine 97: 2-10.
34 Hobby, B.M. and Smith, K.G.V. 1962. The bionomics of Empis opaca Mg. (Dipt., Empididae). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 97(1961): 204-208.
35 Hockham, L.R. and Ritchie, M.G. 2000. Female secondary sexual characteristics: appearances might be deceptive. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15: 436-438.
36 Hubert, A.A. 1953. Another species of Rhamphomyia predaceous on mosquitoes. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 30: 190.
37 Kessel, E.L. 1955. The mating activities of balloon flies. Systematic Zoology 4: 997-104.
38 Kessel, E.L. 1959. Introducing Hilara wheeleri Melander as a balloon maker, and notes on other North American balloon flies (Diptera: Empididae). Wasmann Journal of Biology 17: 221-230.
39 Kessel, E.L. and Karabinos, J.V. 1947. Empimorpha geneatis Melander, a balloon fly from California, with chemical examination of its balloons. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 23: 181-192.
40 Kessel, E.L. and Kessel, B.B. 1951. A new species of balloon-bearing Empis and an account of its mating activities (Diptera: Empididae). Wasmann Journal of Biology 9: 137-146.
41 Laurence, B.R. 1950. Predators and prey. Beds. Nat. 4(1949): 27-30.
42 Laurence, B.R. 1959. Swarming in six species of Empididae (Diptera). Entomologist's Rec. J. Var. 71: 37-39.
43 LeBas, N.R. and Hockham, L.R. 2005. An invasion of cheats: The evolution of worthless nuptial gifts. Current Biology 15: 65-67.
44 LeBas, N.R., Hockham, L.R. and Ritchie, M.G. 2003. Nonlinear and correlational sexual selection on ‘honest’ female ornamentation. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 270: 2159-2165.
45 LeBas, N.R., Hockham, L.R. and Ritchie, M.G. 2004. Sexual selection in the gift-giving dance fly, Rhamphomyia sulcata, favors small males carrying small gifts. Evolution 58: 1763-1772.
46 Linsley, E.G. and MacSwain, J.W. 1959. Ethology of some Ranunculus insects with emphasis on competition for pollen. Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent. 16: 1-46.
47 Marden, J.H. 1989. Effects of load-lifting constraints on the mating system of a dance fly. Ecology 70: 496-502.
48 Newkirk, M.R. 1970. Biology of the longtailed dance fly, Rhamphomyia longicauda (Diptera: empididae); a new look at swarming. Annals Ent. Soc. Am. 63: 1407-1412.
49 Parmenter, L. 1951. Notes on the genus Empis (Dipt., Empididae) in Britain. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 87: 41-44.
50 Plant, A.R. 1994. Epigamic swarming behaviour of Rhamphomyia (Megacyttarus) crassirostris Fall., Hilara lundbecki Frey and Empis (Xanthempis) scutellata Curt. (Empididae). Dipterists Digest 1: 72-77.
51 Plant, A.R. 2004. Hilara Meigen (Diptera: Empididae) in Britain: a provisional synopsis of distribution, habitat preferences and behavior. Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 48: 165-196.
52 Poulton, E.B. 1913. Empidae and their prey in relation to courtship. Entomologists Monthly Magazine 49: 177-180.
53 Powell, J.A. 1964. Observations of flight behavior and prey of the dance fly Rhamphomyia curvipes Coquillett (Diptera: Empididae). Wasmann J. Biol. 22: 311-322.
54 Preston-Mafham, K.G. 1999. Courtship and mating in Empis (Xanthempis) trigramma Meig., E. tessellata F. and E. (Polyblepharis) opaca F. (Diptera: Empididae) and the possible implications of 'cheating' behaviour. J. Zool. 247: 239-246.
55 Sadowski, J.A., Moore, A.J. and Brodie, E.D. 1999. The evolution of empty nuptial gifts in a dance fly, (Diptera: Empididae): bigger isn’t always better. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 1999: 161-166.
56 Skartveit, J. 1996. Nuptial insect prey of the Rhamphomyia sulcata-group (Diptera, Empididae) in south-west Norway. Dipterists Digest 3: 38-43.
57 Smith, K.G.V. 1949. Some observations on Empis livida Lin. (Dip., Empididae), with notes on prey. Entomologist's Rec. J. Var. 61: 39-42.
58 Smith, K.G.V. 1952. Observations on the prey and predacious habits of various Empididae (Diptera). J. Soc. Brit. Ent. 4: 90-93.
59 Svensson, B.G. 1997. Swarming behavior, sexual dimorphism, and female reproductive status in the sex role-reversed  dance fly species Rhamphomyia marginata. Journal of Insect Behavior 10: 783-804.
60 Svensson, B.G. and Petersson, E. 1987. Sex-role reversed courtship behaviour, sexual dimorphism and nuptial gift in the dance fly, Empis borealis (L.). Annls zool. fenn. 24: 323-334.
61 Svensson, B.G. and Petersson, E. 1988. Non-random mating in the dance fly Empis borealis: The importance of male choice. Ethology 79: 307-316.
62 Svensson, B.G. and Petersson, E. 1992. Why insects swarm: testing the models for lek mating systems on swarming Empis borealis females. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 31: 253-261.
63 Svensson, B.G., Petersson, E. and Forsgren, E. 1989. Why do males of the dance fly Empis borealis refuse to mate? The importance of female age and size. J. Insect Behavior 2: 387-395.
64 Svensson, B.G., Petersson, E. and Frisk, M. 1990. Nuptial gift size prolongs copulation duration in the dance fly Empis borealis. Ecol. Ent. 15: 225-229.
65 Tuomikoski, R. 1939. Beobachtungen über das Schwärmen und die Kopulation einiger Empididen (Dipt.). Annls. ent. fenn. 5: 1-30.
66 Tuomikoski, R. 1952. Über die Nahrung der Empididen-Imagines (Dipt.) in Finland. Annls. ent. fenn. 18: 170-181.
67 Wagner, R. 2003. Remarkable abdominal appendages of female Empididae and male Dolichopodidae (Diptera: Empidoidea). Entomol. General. 26: 253-258.
68 Waters, S.B. 1989. A Cretaceous dance fly (Diptera: Empididae) from Botswana. Systematic Entomology 14: 233-241.
 
Taxonomy and Morphology
69 Barták, M. 1980. A revision of the Rhamphomyia species (Diptera, Empididae) in the collections of F. Kowarz, A. Vimmer, K. Czizek, and K. Landrock. Acta Universitatis Carolinae - Biologica 1977: 243-248.
70 Barták, M. 1981. A revision of the Rhamphomyia albosegmentata-group (Diptera, Empididae), with descriptions of new species. Acta Universitatis Carolinae - Biologica 1979: 361-407.
71 Barták, M. 1982. The Czechoslovak species of Rhamphomyia (Diptera, Empididae), with description of a new species from central Europe. Acta Universitatis Carolinae - Biologica 1980: 381-461.
72 Barták, M. 1984. A revision of the species of the genus Rhamphomyia (Diptera, Empididae) described by Gabriel Strobl. Beit. Ent. 34: 337-342.
73 Barták, M. 1985. A revision of the Rhamphomyia subgenus Lundstroemiella (Diptera, Empididae), with description of a new species. Acta Universitatis Carolinae - Biologica 1982-1984: 9-46.
74 Bartak, M. 1997. Rhamphomyia (Diptera, Empididae) from Korea, with descriptions of new species. Entomol. Problems 28: 149-154.
75 Barták, M. 2000. Rhamphomyia species (Diptera: Empididae) of Middle Asia. Acta Universitatis Carolinae - Biologica 44: 111-131.
76 Barták, M. 2002. Nearctic species of Rhamphomyia subgenus Megacyttarus (Diptera: Empididae). Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 46: 3-215.
77 Bartak, M. 2003. Revision of Palaearctic species of Rhamphomyia (Megacyttarus) argentea group (Diptera: Empididae). Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 47: 197-245.
78 Barták, M., Beuk, P.L.T. and Merz, B. 1997. Faunistics of the Rhamphomyia species of Switzerland (Diptera, Empididae). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischn Entomologischen Gesellschaft 70: 335-344.
79 Bartak, M. and Rohacek, J. 1999. The species of the family Empididae (Diptera) of the six peat-bogs in the Sumava Mts. (Czech Republic). Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 43: 7-26.
80 Bickel, D.J. 1996. Thinempis, a new genus from Australia and New Zealand (Diptera:
Empididae),with notes on the tribal classification of the Empidinae. Syst. Entomol. 21: 115-128.
81 Bickel, D.J. 1998. Cunomyia, a distinctive new hilarine fly genus from the Tasmanian World Heritage Area (Diptera: Empididae). Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 132: 59-63.
82 Bickel, D.J. 2002. Bandella, a new hilarine fly genus from Australia (Diptera: Empididae). Records of the Australian Museum 54: 313-324.
83 Bickel, D.J. 2006. Munburra, a new fly genus from tropical Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 58: 129-132.
84 Bickel, D.J. 2006. Eugowra, a new fly genus from Australia (Empididae: Empidinae). Records of the Australian Museum 58: 119-124.
85 Chillcott, J.G. 1959. Studies on the genus Rhamphomhyia Meigen: a revision of the nearctic species of the basalis group of the subgenus Pararhamphomyia Frey (Diptera: Empididae). Canadian Entomologist 91: 257-275.
86 Chvála, M. 1977. Revision of the Empis rustica Fall. species-group of the subgenus Leptempis Coll. in Europe, with the description of a new species (Diptera, Empididae). Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca 74: 41-55.
87 Chvála, M. 1981. Empididae (Insecta: Diptera) from southern Spain, with descriptions of twenty new species and notes on Spanish Fauna. Steenstrupia 7: 113-177.
88 Chvála, M. 1981. Classification and phylogeny of Empididae, with a presumed origin of Dolichopodidae. Ent. Scand. Suppl. 15: 225-236.
89 Chvála, M. 1994. The Empidoidea of Fennoscandia and Denmark. III. Genus Empis. E.J. Brill, Leiden.
90 Chvála, M. 1996. Classification and phylogeny of European Empis subgenus Xanthempis Bezzi (Diptera, Empididae). Studia dipterologica 3: 3-18.
91 Chvála, M. 1997. A taxonomic revision of the Hilara maura-group (Diptera: Empididae) in Europe. Systematic Entomology 21: 265-294.
92 Chvála, M. 1997. A revision of the European species of the Hilara chorica-complex (Diptera, Empididae), with new synonymy and description of a new species. Studia Dipterologica 41: 99-113.
93 Chvála, M. 1997. Eleven new synonymies in European species of Hilara (Diptera: Empididae). Acta Univ. Carol. Biol. 41: 293-322.
94 Chvála, M. 1998. A revision of the European species of the Hilara flavipes-group (Diptera: Empididae), with new synonymies and description of a new species. Studia Dipterologica 4: 463-472.
95 Chvála, M. 1999. Classification and phylogeny of the alpine Hilara andermattensis-group (Diptera: Empididae). Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 43: 27-50.
96 Chvála, M. 1999. Three new Hilara species (Diptera: Empididae) from north-western Europe. Studia dipterologica 6: 135-147.
97 Chvála, M. 1999. Revision of Palaearctic species of the Empis subgenus Polyblepharis (Diptera: Empididae), with descriptions of fourteen new species. Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 42: 113-225.
98 Chvála, M. 2000. Five new synonymies in western Palaearctic Hilara species (Diptera: Empididae). Acta Univ. Carol. Biol. 44: 237-242.
99 Chvála, M. 2001. Circumpolar distribution of Holarctic Hilara species (Diptera: Empididae) with respect to the Fennoscandian fauna. Acta Univ. Carol. Biol. 45: 25-30.
100 Chvála, M. 2001. Revision of the Palaearctic species of the Hilara abdominalis-group (Diptera: Empididae). Acta Univ. Carol. Biol. 45: 199-230.
101 Chvála, M. 2002. The Hilara species described by L. Oldenberg, with description of a new species from Lapland (Diptera: Empididae). Entomol. Fenn. 3: 65-78.
102 Chvála, M. 2002. Revision of European species of the Hilara 'quadrivittata' group (Diptera: Empididae). Acta Univ. Carol. Biol. 46: 229-276.
103 Chvála, M. 2004. Revision of the Empididae (Diptera) from the Alps described by Gabriel Strobl. Acta Universitatis Carolinae Biologica 48: 99-140.
104 Chvála, M. 2005. The Empidoidea (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. IV. Genus Hilara. Brill, Leiden.
105 Collin, J.E. 1928. New Zealand Empididae. British Museum (Natural History), London.
106 Collin, J.E. 1933. Empididae, Part IV. Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. British Museum (Natural History), London.
107 Collin, J.E. 1961. British Flies VI. Empididae. University Press, Cambridge.
108 Collins, K.P. and Wiegmann, B.M. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships and placement of the Empidoidea (Diptera: Brachycera) based on 28S rDNA and EF-1alpha sequences. Insect Systematics and Evolution 33: 421-444.
109 Coquillett, D.W. 1895. Revision of the North American Empidae - a family of two-winged insects. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 18: 387-440.
110 Daugeron, C. 1999. Monophyly of the subgenus Leptempis, and description of seven new species of the Empis (Leptempis) rustica-group (Diptera: Empididae). Eur. J. Entomol. 96: 439-449.
111 Daugeron, C. 2000. Review of the Afrotropical subgenus Disneyempis (Diptera: Empididae). European Journal of Entomology 97: 119-129.
112 Daugeron, C. 2000. The subgenus Xanthempis: new species and taxonomical data (Diptera: Empididae). Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (N.S.) 36: 371-388.
113 Daugeron, C. 2001. Cladistics and taxonomy of the Afrotropical Empis (Coptophlebia) chrysocera-group (Diptera, Empididae). Journal of Natural History 35: 583-616.
114 Daugeron, C. and Grootaert, P. 2003. Assessment of monophyly of species-groups within Afrotropical Empidini (Diptera: Empididae: Empidinae), with a cladistic analysis of the Empis setitarsus-group. Systematic Entomology 28: 339-360.
115 Daugeron, C. and Grootaert, P. 2005. Phylogenetic systematics of the Empis (Coptophlebia) hyalea-group (Insecta: Diptera: Empididae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 145: 339-391.
116 Daugeron, C. and Grootaert, P. 2005. Empidine dance flies from Singapore and southern Malaysia (Diptera: Empididae: Empidinae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 53: 211-220.
117 Engel, E.O. 1941-6. Gattung Xanthempis Bezzi, Gattung Empis s.lat.,. Pp. 193-280, 281-320, 321-384 in: Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region, 28 Empididae, IV. , Stuttgart.
118 Frey, R. 1954. Gattung Empis L.  In: Lindner, E. [ed.], Die Fliegen der Palearktischen Region, 28 Empididae. 4:385-422. Stuttgart.
119 Frey, R. 1956. Empididae, Rhamphomyia. In: Lindner, E. [ed.], Die Fliegen der Palearktischen Region, 28 Empididae, 4:422-585. Stuttgart.
120 Ito, S. and Saigusa, T. 1967. A revision of the Japanese species of the subgenus Orientomyia Saigusa (Diptera, Empididae, Genus Rhamphomyia). Mushi 24: 97-118.
121 Malloch, J.R. 1931. Notes on New Zealand Empididae (Diptera). Records of the Canterbury Museum 4: 423-429.
122 Melander, A.L. 1902. A monograph of the North American Empididae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 28: 195-367.
123 Melander, A.L. 1928. Diptera, Family Empididae. Vol. 185 of Wytsman, P. [ed.], Genera Insectorum. Brussels.
124 Melander, A.L. 1946. Synopsis of Coptophlebia, with descriptions of new American and Oriental species (Diptera, Empididae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist  22: 105-117.
125 Moulton, J.K. and Wiegmann, B.M. 2007. The phylogenetic relationships of flies in the superfamily Empidoidea (Insecta: Diptera). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (in press).
126 Parvu, C. 1998. First mention of some secondary sexual features in two Romanian dipterans - Dolichopus nubilis Meigen and Hilara intermedia Fallen (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Empididae). Trav. Mus. natl. Hist. nat. "Grigore Antipa" 40: 347-358.
127 Rafael, J.A. and Cumming, J.M. 2004. The Neotropical general Macrostomus Wiedemann and Porphyrochroa Melander (Diptera, Empididae, Empidinae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 21: 439-448.
128 Rafael, J.A. and Cumming, J.M. 2006. New species of Macrostomus Weidemann (Diptera, Empididae) from Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. Zootaxa 1136: 49-64.
129 Roach, W.K. 1971. A revision of the genus Hilara in eastern North America (Diptera: Empidiae). Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
130 Saigusa, T. 1964. Descriptions of some new species of the subgenus Planempis from Japan (Diptera: Empididae). Sieboldia 3: 257-269.
131 Saigusa, T. 1964. Some new species of the genus Rhamphomyia from Japan, II. Sieboldia 3: 221-256.
132 Saigusa, T. 1992. Systematic study of the subgenus Planempis of the genus Empis from Shikoku, Japan (Diptera, Empididae). Bull. Tokushima Pref. Mus. 2: 77-107.
133 Saigusa, T. 1994. A remarkable new littoral Rhamphomyia species (Diptera, Empididae) representing a new subgenus from Japan. Jpn. J. Ent. 62: 259-265.
134 Sinclair, B.J. 2002. Revision of the South African endemic genus Edenophorus Smith (Diptera: Empididae). African Invertebrates 43: 109-122.
135 Sinclair, B.J. and Cumming, J.M. 2006. The morphology, higher-level phylogeny and classifiation of the Empidoidea (Diptera). Zootaxa 1180: 1-172.
136 Smith, K.G.V. 1961. On the genus Macrostomus Wiedemann (Diptera: Empididae) with notes on the included species and new synonymy. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond., (B) 30: 53-56.
137 Smith, K.G.V. 1962. Studies on the Brazilian Empididae (Diptera). Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 114: 195-266.
138 Smith, K.G.V. 1967. Family Empididae (Empidae, Hybotidae). In: A catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States. Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria de Agricultura, São Paulo, Brazil.
139 Smith, K.G.V. 1967. Afrikanische Empididae (Dipt.). Stuttg. Beitr. Naturk. 179: 1-16.
140 Smith, K.G.V. 1969. The Empididae of Southern Africa (Diptera). Annals of the Natal Museum 19: 1-342.
141 Smith, K.G.V. 1975. Family Empididae. Pp. 185-211 in: Delfinado, M.D. and Hardy, D.E. [eds.], A catalogue of the Diptera of the Oriental Region. The University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu.
142 Smith, K.G.V. 1975. A new species of Lamprempis Wheeler & Melander from Brazil, with a key to the described species of the genus (Diptera, Empididae). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 29: 21-26.
143 Steyskal, G.C. 1964. The subgenus Neocota of the genus Rhamphomyia (Diptera: Empididae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 57: 466-468.
144 Steyskal, G.C. 1969. New species of Empididae of the genera Empis, Hilara, and Hormopeza from Georgia, with a synopsis of the North American species of Hormopeza. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 62: 292-299.
145 Syrovátka, O. 1980. Revision of subgenus Empis s.str. (=Pterempis Bezzi) (Diptera: Empidiidae) in Czechoslovakia. Acta Univ. Carl. Biol. 1977: 423-427.
146 Syrovátka, O. 1991. Revision of H. Loew's and T. Becker's types of Empis s.str. species (Diptera, Empididae) in the Berlin and St. Petersburg Museums. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl. 67: 225-278.
147 Syrovátka, O. and Chvála, M. 1986. Revision of J.W. Meigen's types of Empis s. str. (Diptera: Empididae) of the Paris Museum, with an appendix of Macquart's species. Vest. cs. Spolec. zool. 50: 231-239.
148 Wheeler, W.M. 1896. A new empid with remarkable middle tarsi. Entomological News 7: 189-192.
149 Young, J. and Merritt, D. 2003. The ultrastructure and function of the silk-producing basitarsus in the Hilarini (Diptera: Empididae). Arthropod Struct. Dev. 32: 157-165.
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