H. Christopher Frey

 

Professor

Department of Civil,

Construction, and

Environmental Engineering

 

North Carolina State University
Raleigh, NC 27695-7908

Telephone: (919) 515-1155

Research Interests

Teaching

Publications

Current and Recent Projects

Past Projects

Computer Laboratory

Frey Research Group

Professional Activities

Real-World Vehicle Emissions

Publications

·       Peer-Reviewed Journal Papers

·       Books

·       Book Chapters and Encyclopedia Articles

·       Book Reviews

·       Editorials

·       Conference Papers – Reviewed

·       Conference Papers – Other

·       Technical Reports

·       Theses and Dissertations Supervised

·       Selected Presentations

Note regarding availability of these publications:  Where possible, I have provided links to Adobe PDF files of publications listed below.  Thus, you can download many of the conference papers and technical reports from this site.  For journal articles, in general these can be obtained from the publishers, via databases such as Web of Science or Google Scholar, or via a library or inter-library loan.  If you are at a university, your university may have an institutional subscription to databases via which you can obtain journal articles for fair use at no charge.

PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL PAPERS (Available via publishers, research libraries, or inter-library loan)

 

1.  Rubin, E.S., J.S. Salmento, and H.C. Frey, “Cost-Effective Emission Controls for Coal-Fired Power Plants,” Chemical Engineering Communications, 74:155-167 (1988).  Journal web site.

2.  Frey, H.C., and E.S. Rubin, “Probabilistic Evaluation of Advanced SO2/NOx Control Technology,” Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 41(12):1585-1593 (December 1991).  See IECM web site for more information.

3.  Frey, H.C., and E.S. Rubin, “Evaluation Method for Advanced Acid Rain Compliance Technology,” Journal of Energy Engineering, 118(1):38-55 (April 1992).  See IECM web site for more information.

4.  Frey, H.C., and E.S. Rubin, “Evaluation of Advanced Coal Gasification Combined-Cycle Systems Under Uncertainty,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 31(5):1299-1307 (May 1992).  See IECM website for more information.

5.  Diwekar, U.M., H.C. Frey, and E.S. Rubin, “Synthesizing Optimal Flowsheets:  Applications to IGCC System Environmental Control,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 31(8):1927-1936 (August 1992).  See IECM website for more information.

6.  Frey, H.C., and E.S. Rubin, “Integration of Coal Utilization and Environmental Control in Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Systems,” Environmental Science and Technology, 26(10):1982-1990 (October 1992).  See IECM website for more information.

7.  Frey, H.C., E.S. Rubin, and U.M. Diwekar, “Modeling Uncertainties in Advanced Technologies:  Application to a Coal Gasification System with Hot Gas Cleanup,” Energy 19(4):449-463 (1994).  See IECM website for more information.

8.  Shih, J.S., and H.C. Frey, “Coal Blending Optimization Under Uncertainty,” European Journal of Operations Research, 83(3):452-465 (1995).  Abstract and related information.

9.  Frey, H.C., and D.S. Rhodes, “Characterizing, Simulating, and Analyzing Variability and Uncertainty:  An Illustration of Methods Using an Air Toxics Emissions Example,” Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: an International Journal, 2(4):762-797 (December 1996).  Information about HERA.

10. Diwekar, U.M., E.S. Rubin, and H.C. Frey, “Optimal Design of Advanced Power Systems Under Uncertainty,” Energy Conversion and Management, 38(15):1725-1735 (1997).  See IECM website for more information.

11. Rubin, E.S., J.R. Kalagnanam, H.C. Frey, and M.B. Berkenpas, “Integrated Environmental Control Concepts for Coal-Fired Power Plants,” Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 47(11):1180-1188 (November 1997).  See IECM website for more information.

12. Frey, H.C., and Z. Iwanski, "Probabilistic Methodology for Risk Assessment of New Energy Technologies and Application to Gasification Repowering for an Oil Refinery in Poland," Energy Conversion and Management, 39 (16/18):267-274 (1997).  Information about the journal.

13. Agarwal, P., and H.C. Frey, “Modeling and Evaluation of the Externally Fired Combined Cycle Using ASPEN,” Journal of Energy Engineering, 123(3):69-87 (December 1997).  More information about this article.

14. Frey, H.C., and D.S. Rhodes, “Characterization and Simulation of Uncertain Frequency Distributions:  Effects of Distribution Choice, Variability, Uncertainty, and Parameter Dependence,” Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: an International Journal, 4(2):423-468 (April 1998).  How to obtain this from the publisher.

15. Frey, H.C., and D.E. Burmaster, “Methods for Characterizing Variability and Uncertainty:  Comparison of Bootstrap Simulation and Likelihood-Based Approaches,” Risk Analysis, 19(1):109-130 (February 1999).  How to obtain this from the publisher.

16. Hanna, S.R., Z. Lu, H.C. Frey, N. Wheeler, J. Vukovich, S. Arunachalam, M. Fernau, and D.A. Hansen, "Uncertainties in Predicted Ozone Concentrations due to Input Uncertainties for the UAM-V Photochemical Grid Model Applied to the July 1995 OTAG Domain," Atmospheric Environment, 35(5):891-903 (2001).  Journal web site.

17. Frey, H.C., and S. Bammi, "Quantification of Variability and Uncertainty in Lawn and Garden Equipment NOx and Total Hydrocarbon Emission Factors," Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 52(4):435-448 (April 2002).  Abstract and other information.

18. Frey, H.C., and S.R. Patil, “Identification and Review of Sensitivity Analysis Methods,” Risk Analysis, 22(3):553-578 (June 2002).  Preprint available here.

19. Frey,  H.C., and J. Zheng, "Quantification of Variability and Uncertainty in Utility NOx Emission Inventories," Journal of Air & Waste Manage. Association, 52(9):1083-1095 (September 2002).  Journal abstract and download/ordering information.

20. Frey, H.C., and J. Zheng, "Probabilistic Analysis of Driving Cycle-Based Highway Vehicle Emission Factors," Environmental Science and Technology, 36(23):5184-5191 (December 2002).  Abstract and link to more information.

21. Frey, H.C., and S. Bammi, "Probabilistic Nonroad Mobile Source Emission Factors," ASCE Journal of Environmental Engineering, 129(2):162-168 (February 2003).  Abstract and link to more information.

22. Frey, H.C., A. Unal, N.M. Rouphail, and J.D. Colyar, “On-Road Measurement of Vehicle Tailpipe Emissions Using a Portable Instrument,” Journal. of Air & Waste Manage. Assoc., 53(8):992-1002 (August 2003).  Journal abstract and download/ordering information.

23. Abdel-Aziz, A., and H.C. Frey, “Quantification of Hourly Variability in NOx Emissions for Baseload Coal-Fired Power Plants,” Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 53(11):1401-1411 (November 2003).  Journal abstract and download/ordering information.

24. Abdel-Aziz, A., and H.C. Frey, “Development of Hourly Probabilistic Utility NOx Emission Inventories Using Time Series Techniques:  Part I-Univariate Approach,” Atmospheric Environment, 37:5379-5389 (2003).  Journal web site.

25. Abdel-Aziz, A., and H.C. Frey, “Development of Hourly Probabilistic Utility NOx Emission Inventories Using Time Series Techniques:  Part II-Multivariate Approach,” Atmospheric Environment, 37:5391-5401 (2003).  Journal web site.

26. Frey, H.C., and S. Li, “Quantification of Variability and Uncertainty in AP-42 Emission Factors:  Case Studies for Natural Gas-Fueled Engines,” Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 53(12):1436-1447 (December 2003).  Journal abstract and download/ordering information.

27. Unal, A., N.M. Rouphail, and H.C. Frey, “Effect of Arterial Signalization and Level of Service on Measured Vehicle Emissions,” Transportation Research Record, Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1842, pp. 47-56 (2003).  Abstract and related information.

28. Unal, A., H.C. Frey, and N.M. Rouphail, “Quantification of Highway Vehicle Emissions Hot Spots Based Upon On-Board Measurements,” Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 54(2):130-140 (February 2004).  Journal abstract and download/ordering information.

29. Abdel-Aziz, A., and H.C. Frey, “Propagation of Uncertainty in Hourly Utility NOx Emissions Through a Photochemical Grid Air Quality Model:  A Case Study for the Charlotte, NC Modeling Domain,” Environmental Science and Technology, 38(7):2153-2160 (2004).  Abstract and link to more information.

30. Patil, S.R., and H.C. Frey, “Comparison of Sensitivity Analysis Methods Based Upon Applications to a Food Safety Risk Model,” Risk Analysis, 23(3):573-585 (June 2004).  Abstract and related information.

31. Zheng, J., and H.C. Frey, “Quantification of Variability and Uncertainty Using Mixture Distributions:  Evaluation of Sample Size, Mixing Weights and Separation between Components,” Risk Analysis, 24(3):553-571 (June 2004).  Abstract and related information.

32. Zhao, Y., and H.C. Frey, “Quantification of Variability and Uncertainty for Censored Data Sets and Application to Air Toxic Emission Factors,” Risk Analysis, 24(4):1019-1034 (2004).  Abstract and related information.

33. Frey, H.C., and Y. Zhao, “Quantification of Variability and Uncertainty for Air Toxic Emission Inventories With Censored Emission Factor Data,” Environmental Science and Technology, 38(22):6094-6100 (2004).  Abstract and link to more information.

34. Chen, J., and H.C. Frey, “Optimization Under Variability and Uncertainty:  A Case Study for NOx Emissions Control for a Gasification System,” Environmental Science and Technology, 38(24):6741-6747 (2004).  Abstract and link to more information.

35. Zhao, Y., and H.C. Frey, “Development of Probabilistic Emission Inventory for Air Toxic Emissions for Jacksonville, Florida,” Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 54(11):1405-1421 (2004).  Journal abstract and download/ordering information.

36. Mokhtari, A., and H.C. Frey, “Recommended Practice Regarding Selection of Sensitivity Analysis Methods Applied to Microbial Food Safety Process Risk Models,” Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 11(3):591-605 (2005).  Abstract and related information.

37. Zheng, J., and H.C. Frey, “Quantitative Analysis of Variability and Uncertainty with Known Measurement Error:  Methodology and Case Study,” Risk Analysis, 25(3):663-676 (2005).  Abstract and related information.

38. Mokhtari, A., and H.C. Frey, “Sensitivity Analysis of a Two-Dimensional Probabilistic Risk Assessment Model Using Analysis of Variance,” Risk Analysis, 25(6):1511-1529 (2005).  Abstract and related information.

39. Frey, H.C., and Y. Zhu, “Improved System Integration for Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Systems,” Environmental Science and Technology, 40(5):1693-1699 (March 2006).  Abstract and link to more information.

40. Mokhtari, A., H.C. Frey, and L.-A. Jaykus, “Application of Classification and Regression Trees (CART) for Sensitivity Analysis of the Escherichia coli O157:H7 Food Safety Process Risk Model,” Journal of Food Protection.  69(3): 609–618 (March 2006).  Abstract and related information.

41. Zhang, K., and H.C. Frey, “Road Grade Estimation for On-Road Vehicle Emissions Modeling  Using LIDAR Data,” Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 56(6):777-788 (June 2006).  Journal abstract and download/ordering information.

42. Silva, C.M, T.L. Farias, H.C. Frey,  and N.M. Rouphail, “Evaluation of Numerical Models for Simulation of Real-World Hot-Stabilized Fuel Consumption and Emissions of Gasoline Light-Duty Vehicles.” Transportation Research Part D, 11(5):377-385 (2006).  Abstract and related information.

43. Miller, C.A., G. Hidy, J. Hales, C.E. Kolb, A.S. Werner, B. Haneke, D. Parrish, C. Frey, L. Rojas-Blanco, M. DesLauriers, B. Pennell, and J.D. Mobley, “Air Emissions Inventories in North America:  A Critical Assessment,” Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 56(8):1115-1129 (August 2006).  Journal abstract and download/ordering information.

44. Mokhtari, A., H.C. Frey, and J. Zheng, “Evaluation and recommendation of sensitivity analysis methods for application to Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation (SHEDS) models,” Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 16(6):491-506 (Nov 2006).  Abstract and related information.

45. Mokhtari, A., and H.C. Frey, “Evaluation of Sampling-Based Methods for Sensitivity Analysis: Case Study for the E. coli Food Safety Process Risk Model,” Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 12(6):1128-1152 (Dec 2006).  Abstract and related information.

46. Zhao, Y. and H.C. Frey, “Uncertainty for Data with Non-Detects: Air Toxic Emissions from Combustion,” Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 12(6):1171-1191 (Dec 2006).  Abstract and related information.

47. Zhu, Y., and H.C. Frey, “Uncertainty Analysis of Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Systems Based on Frame 7H versus 7F Gas Turbines,” Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 56(12):1649-1661 (Dec 2006).  Journal abstract and download/ordering information.

48. Frey, H.C., and K. Kim, “Comparison of Real-World Fuel Use and Emissions for Dump Trucks Fueled with B20 Biodiesel Versus Petroleum Diesel,” Transportation Research Record, 1987:110-117 (2006).  Abstract and related information.

49. Frey, H.C., N.M. Rouphail, and H. Zhai, “Speed- and Facility-Specific Emission Estimates for On-Road Light-Duty Vehicles based on Real-World Speed Profiles,” Transportation Research Record, 1987:128-137 (2006).  Abstract and related information.

50. Vicari A.S., A. Mohktari, R.A. Morales, L.A. Jaykus, H.C. Frey, B.D. Slenning and P. Cowen, “Second-Order Modeling of Variability and Uncertainty in Microbial Hazard Characterization,” Journal of Food Protection, 70(2):363-372 (February 2007).  PubMed web site.

51. Frey, H.C., N.M. Rouphail, H. Zhai, T.L. Farias, and G.A. Gonçalves, “Modeling and Comparing Real-World Fuel Consumption for Diesel- and Hydrogen-Fueled Transit Buses and Implication for Emissions,” Transportation Research – Part D.  12:281-291 (2007).  Abstract and related information.

52. Zhu, Y., and H.C. Frey, “Simplified Performance Model of Gas Turbine Combined Cycle Systems,” ASCE Journal of Energy Engineering, 133(2):82-90 (June 2007).  Abstract and related information.

53. Zhang, K., and H.C. Frey, “Evaluation of Response Time of a Portable System for In-Use Vehicle Tailpipe Emissions Measurements,” Environmental Science and Technology, 42(1), 221–227 (2008).  Abstract and related information.

54. Frey, H.C., K. Zhang, and N.M. Rouphail, “Fuel Use and Emissions Comparisons for Alternative Routes, Time of Day, Road Grade, and Vehicles Based on In-Use Measurements,” Environmental Science and Technology, 42(7):2483–2489 (2008).  Abstract and related information.

In Press/Accepted for Publication

55. Abolhasani, S., H.C. Frey, K. Kim, S. Pang, W. Rasdorf, P. Lewis, “Real-World In-Use Activity, Fuel Use, and Emissions for Nonroad Construction Vehicles: A Case Study for Excavators,” Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, submitted October 27, 2007.  Accepted February 26, 2008 (in press).

56. Frey, H.C., W.J. Rasdorf, K. Kim, S.H. Pang, P. Lewis, “Comparison of Real-World Emissions of Backhoes, Front-End Loaders and Motor Graders for B20 Biodiesel vs. Petroleum Diesel for Selected Engine Tiers,” Transportation Research Record, accepted February 29, 2008 (in press).

57. Frey, H.C., N.M. Rouphail, and H. Zhai, “Link-Based Emission Factors for Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks Based on Real-World Data,” Transportation Research Record, accepted February 29, 2008 (in press).

58. Kim, K., H.C. Frey, W. Rasdorf, S. Pang, P. Lewis, “Characterization of Real-World Activity, Fuel Use, and Emissions for Selected Motor Graders Fueled with Petroleum Diesel and B20 Biodiesel,” Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, Accepted April 2008 (in press).

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BOOKS

1.  Cullen, A.C., and H.C. Frey.  The Use of Probabilistic Techniques in Exposure Assessment:  A Handbook for Dealing with Variability and Uncertainty in Models and Inputs.  Plenum:  New York, 1999.  335 pages.  ISBN: 978-0-306-45957-3 (softcover), available via Springer.

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BOOK CHAPTERS and ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLES

1.  Frey, H.C., and E.S. Rubin, “Uncertainty Evaluation in Capital Cost Projection,” in Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design, Vol. 59, J.J. McKetta, ed.,  Marcel Dekker:  New York,  1997, pp. 480-494.

2.     Frey, H.C., “Quantitative Analysis of Variability and Uncertainty in Energy and Environmental Systems,” Chapter 23 in Uncertainty Modeling and Analysis in Civil Engineering, B. M. Ayyub, ed., CRC Press:  Boca Raton, FL, 1998, pp. 381-423.  Preprint available here.

3.     Frey, H.C., and R. Bharvirkar, "Quantification of Variability and Uncertainty:  A Case Study of Power Plant Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions," Chapter 10 in Human and Ecological Risk Analysis, D. Paustenbach, Ed., John Wiley and Sons:  New York, 2002.  pp 587-617.  Preprint available here.

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BOOK REVIEWS

1.  Merz, J.F., and H.C. Frey, “Book Review:  Regulating Toxic Substances,” Risk, Health, Safety, and Environment, 5:75-80 (Winter 1994).  Read the review and author’s reply.

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EDITORIALS

1.     Frey, H.C. and E. S. Rubin, “Evaluate Uncertainties In Advanced Process Technologies,” Chemical Engineering Progress, 88(5):63-70 (May 1992).  See IECM Website for more information.

2.     Frey, H.C., “Guest Editorial:  Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis,” Risk Analysis, 22(3):539-545 (June 2002).  Abstract and related information.

3.     Frey, H.C., and M.J. Small, “Uncertainty in Emission Factors and Emission Inventories,” Journal of Industrial Ecology, 7(1):9-11 (2003).  Abstract and related information.

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CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS PAPERS (PEER-REVIEWED)

1.  Rubin, E.S., J.S. Salmento, and H.C. Frey, “Evaluating Combined SO2/NOx Processes,” Proceedings:  Fourth Symposium on  Integrated Environmental Control, Report No. GS-6519, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California, September 1989, pp. 6-1 to 6-15.  Availability (how to obtain this).

2.  Frey, H.C., E.S. Rubin, and U.M. Diwekar, “An Evaluation Method for Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Power Systems,” Paper No. 90-103.6, Proceedings of the 83rd Annual Meeting (held June 24-29 in Pittsburgh, PA), Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 1990.

3.  Rubin, E.S., H.C. Frey, and U.M. Diwekar, “Probabilistic Modeling of the Performance and Economics of IGCC Systems,” Integrating Environmental Controls and Energy Production, Report No. EC-Vol. 2, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, New York, 1991, p. 59-66.

4.  Frey, H.C., and E.S. Rubin, “Evaluating Advanced Technologies for Acid Rain Compliance,” Energy in the 90's, B.F. Hobbs, ed., American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, 1991, p. 172-178.

5.  Frey, H.C., and E.S. Rubin, "High Efficiency Integrated Environmental Control for Coal-Based Power Generation," Paper No. 92-108.02, Proceedings of the 85th Annual Meeting (held June 21-26 in Kansas City, MO), Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 1992.  Available at IECM Web Site.

6.  Frey, H.C., “Performance Model of the Fluidized Bed Copper Oxide Process for SO2/NOx Control,” Paper No. 93-WA-79.01, Proceedings of the 86th Annual Meeting (held June 13-18 in Denver, CO), Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 1993.  Available here.

7.  Frey, H.C., "Separating Variability and Uncertainty in Exposure Assessment:  Motivation and Methods," Paper No. 93-RA-116A.02, Proceedings of the 86th Annual Meeting, (held June 13-18 in Denver, CO), Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 1993.  Available here.

8.  Rubin, E.S., M.B. Berkenpas, H.C. Frey, and B. Toole-O'Neil, "Modeling the Uncertainty in Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions," Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Managing Hazardous Air Pollutants, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, July 1993.

9.  Frey, H.C., “Probabilistic Performance, Environmental, and Economic Evaluation of an Advanced Coal Gasification System,” Paper No. 94-TA260.05P, Proceedings of the 87th Annual Meeting (held June 19-24 in Cincinnati, OH), Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 1994.  Available here.

10. Frey, H.C., “Quantitative Analysis of Uncertainty and Variability in Exposure and Risk Assessment:  Some Guidance on Why and How,” Paper No. 94-TP55.03, Proceedings of the 87th Annual Meeting (held June 19-24 in Cincinnati, OH), Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 1994.

11. Diwekar, U.M., E.S. Rubin, and H.C. Frey, “Optimal Design and Synthesis of Advanced Power Systems under Uncertainty,” Proceedings of the Coal-Fired Power Systems 94—Advances in IGCC and PFBC Review Meeting, Volume 1, U.S. Department of Energy, Morgantown, West Virginia, June 21-23, 1994, pp. 499-512.  Proceedings available online.

12. Frey, H.C., U.M. Diwekar, and E.S. Rubin, “Probabilistic Modeling of High Efficiency Environmental Control for Advanced Coal Gasification Power Generation,” Proceedings, 5th Pollution Prevention Topical Conference, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, 1994.

13. Haimes, Y.Y., T. Barry, and J.H. Lambert (Eds), “When and How Can You Specify a Probability Distribution When You Don't Know Much?,” Risk Analysis, 14(5):661-706 (October 1994).  Steering Committee Member and Workshop Participant/Contributor (see pp. 703-706).  Abstract and related information.

14. Frey, H.C., and A.C. Cullen, “Distribution Development for Probabilistic Exposure Assessment,” Paper No. 95-42.02, Proceedings of the 88th Annual Meeting (held June 18-23 in San Antonio, TX), Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 1995.  Available here.

15. Agarwal, P., and H.C. Frey, “Performance Model of the Externally-Fired Combined Cycle (EFCC) System,” Paper No. 95-7.02, Proceedings of the 88th Annual Meeting (held June 18-23 in San Antonio, TX), Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 1995.  Available here.

16. Frey, H.C., M.D. Kini, S.R. Ranjithan, and S.Y. Fu, “Uncertainty, Bias, and Variability in Emission Factors for Light Duty Gasoline Vehicles,” Paper No. 96-108B.03, Proceedings of the 89th Annual Meeting (held June 23-28 in Nashville, TN), Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 1996.  Available here.

17. Frey, H.C., and P. Agarwal, “Probabilistic Analysis and Optimization of Clean Coal Technologies,” Paper No. 96-119.02, Proceedings of the 89th Annual Meeting (held June 23-28 in Nashville, TN), Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 1996.  Available here.

18. Tran, L.K., and H.C. Frey, “Methods for Evaluating the Costs of Utility NOx Control Technologies,” Paper No. 96-139.06, Proceedings of the 89th Annual Meeting (held June 23-28 in Nashville, TN), Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 1996.  Available here.

19. Frey, H.C., “Comparison of Classroom and Video-Based Instruction:  A Case Study for a Graduate-Level Air Pollution Control Course,” Paper No. 96-125.03, Proceedings of the 89th Annual Meeting (held June 23-28 in Nashville, TN), Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 1996.  Available here.

20. Rubin, E.S., U.M. Diwekar, and H.C. Frey, “Optimizing Advanced Power Systems Design Under Uncertainty,” Proceedings of the Advanced Coal-Fired Power Systems Review Meeting, U.S. Department of Energy, Morgantown, West Virginia, July 16-18, 1996 (CD-ROM).  Paper available at U.S. Department of Energy website.

21. Frey, H.C., “Bootstrap Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Variability and Uncertainty in Exposure and Risk Assessment,” Paper No. 97-RA100B.03, Proceedings of the 90th Annual Meeting (held June 18-13 in Toronto, Canada), Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 1997 (CD-ROM).

22. Frey, H.C., and D.A. Eichenberger, “Quantification of Uncertainty in Remote Sensing-Based School Bus CO and Hydrocarbon Emission Factors,” Paper No. 97-RP143.07, Proceedings of the 90th Annual Meeting (held June 18-13 in Toronto, Canada), Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 1997 (CD-ROM).

23. Frey, H.C., and Z. Iwanski, “Probabilistic Methodology for Risk Assessment of New Energy Technologies and Application to Gasification Repowering for an Oil Refinery in Poland,” FLOWERS ‘97: Florence World Energy Symposium, SGEditorial:  Padova, Italy, 1997, pp. 267-274.

24. Frey, H.C., and R. Bharvirkar, “Desktop Modeling of the Performance, Emissions, and Cost of Gasification Systems,” Paper No. 98-RAA.02P, Proceedings of the 91st Annual Meeting  (held June 14-18 in San Diego, CA), Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 1998 (CD-ROM).  Available here.

25. Frey, H.C., “Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Variability and Uncertainty in Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions,” Paper No. 98-RP105B.01, Proceedings of the 91st Annual Meeting  (held June 14-18 in San Diego, CA), Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 1998 (CD-ROM).  Available here.

26. Akunuri, N.V., and H.C. Frey, “Modeling the Performance, Emissions, and Cost of an Entrained-Flow Gasification Combined Cycle System Using ASPEN,” Paper No. 99-379, Proceedings of the 92nd Annual Meeting  (held June 20-24 in St. Louis, MO), Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 1999 (CD-ROM).  Available here.

27. Unal, A., R.H. Dalton, H.C. Frey, and N.M. Rouphail, “Simultaneous Measurement of On-Road Vehicle Emissions and Traffic Flow Using Remote Sensing and an Area-Wide Detector,” Paper No. 99-712, Proceedings of the 92nd Annual Meeting  (held June 20-24 in St. Louis, MO), Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 1999 (CD-ROM).  Available here.

28. Frey, H.C., R. Bharvirkar, and J. Zheng, “Quantification of Variability and Uncertainty in Emission Factors,” Paper No. 99-267, Proceedings of the 92nd Annual Meeting  (held June 20-24 in St. Louis, MO), Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 1999 (CD-ROM).  Available here.

29. Zheng, J., A. Unal, and H.C. Frey, "Variability and Uncertainty Analysis of CO Exposure to Vehicle Passengers During Cold-Start, Proceedings of 93rd Annual Meeting of the Air & Waste Management Association, Salt Lake City, Utah, June 18-22, 2000.

30. Rouphail, N.M, H.C. Frey, A. Unal, and J.D. Colyar, "Vehicle Emissions and Traffic Measures:  Exploratory Analysis of Field Data at Signalized Intersections," Proceedings of 2001 Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, January 6-12, 2001.

31. Frey, H.C., and J. Zheng, " Quantification of Variability and Uncertainty in Emission Inventories: A Prototype Software Tool with Application to Utility NOx Emissions," Proceedings, Annual Meeting of the Air & Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, PA, June 2001.  Available here.

32. Coehlo, M., and H.C. Frey, "Evaluation of Alternative Future Energy Scenarios for Brazil Using an Energy Mix Model," Proceedings, Annual Meeting of the Air & Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, PA, June 2001.  Available here.

33. Zheng, J., and H.C. Frey, "Quantitative Analysis of Variability and Uncertainty in Emission Estimation: An Illustration of Methods Using Mixture Distributions," Proceedings, Annual Meeting of the Air & Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, PA, June 2001.  Available here.